What is the test for a principal to be liable for a crime?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Nettles, H041143 (Cal. App. 2016):
A person is "liable to prosecution" for an offense ( 1111), if he or she is a principal to that offense. (People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 368-369 (Lewis).) Principals are "[a]ll persons concerned in the commission of a crime, . . . whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, or, not being present, have advised and encouraged its commission . . . ." ( 31.)
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