What is the test for a plaintiff to sue a municipality under Section 1983 of the 1983 Local Government Act?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Manter v. Fresno Police Dep't, Case No. 1:19-cv-01070-DAD-EPG (E.D. Cal. 2019):

"Plaintiffs who seek to impose liability on local governments under 1983 must prove that action pursuant to official municipal policy caused their injury. Official municipal policy includes the decisions of a government's lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law. These are action[s] for which the municipality is actually responsible." Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60-61 (2011) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (alteration in original).

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