The following excerpt is from Dicey v. Hanks, No. 2:14-cv-2018 JAM AC P (E.D. Cal. 2015):
Under the first element, plaintiff need not prove that the alleged retaliatory action, in itself, violated a constitutional right. Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 806 (1995) (to prevail on a
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