What is the test for a jury to reduce a defendant's manslaughter to second degree murder?

Bernal also contends the trial court should have given provocation instructions. Provocation operates in two ways. First, it can reduce first degree murder to second degree murder if the defendant formed the intent to kill in direct response to provocation and acted immediately without deliberation or premeditation. Second, it can reduce murder to manslaughter if the defendant was subjectively provoked to kill, and a person of average disposition (an "objective" person) would have been provoked to kill. Provocation to reduce a killing to second degree murder is a purely subjective inquiry whereas provocation in the context of voluntary manslaughter contains both a subjective and objective element. (People v. Fitzpatrick (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1285, 1295-1296.)