What is the test for a conspiracy to commit a crime under section 1962 of the RICO Act?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Howard v. America Online, 208 F.3d 741 (9th Cir. 2000):

"A conspirator must intend to further an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive criminal offense, but it suffices that he adopt the goal of furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor." Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 65 (1997). A defendant must also have been "aware of the essential nature and scope of the enterprise and intended to participate in it. " Baumer v. Pachl, 8 F.3d 1341, 1346 (9th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). To establish a violation of section 1962(d), Plaintiffs must allege either an agreement that is a substantive violation of RICO or that the defendants agreed to commit, or participated in, a violation of two predicate offenses. See id.

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