What is the test for a claim under section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act?

Section 523(a)(2)(A) provides: "A discharge under section 727 ... of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor's or an insider's financial condition." To except debts from discharge, a creditor has the burden of proof under the preponderance of the evidence standard. Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 287, 111 S.Ct. 654 (1991).

To prevail on a 523(a)(2)(A) claim on the grounds of false pretenses or false representation, a creditor must prove that:

Ghomeshi v. Sabban (In re Sabban), 600 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2010).