The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Phelps, 35 F.3d 573 (9th Cir. 1994):
We review a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute de novo. Phelps, 955 F.2d at 1267. The district court's factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Kruso v. Int'l Tel. & Tel. Corp., 872 F.2d 1416, 1421 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 937 (1990).
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