What is the standard for determining whether an objective, reasonable person would have known that actions were substantially certain to injure the creditor?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Kelley v. Siddiqui (In re Siddiqui), Adv. No. 2:14-ap-01549 RK, Case No. 2:14-bk-19653 RK (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2017):

Restatement (Second) of Torts, 8A, comment A (1964). The standard focuses on the debtor's subjective intent, and not "whether an objective, reasonable person would have known that the actions in question were substantially certain to injure the creditor." Carrillo v. Su (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1145-1146 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).

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