What is the standard for determining the impartiality of a judge?

The substantive standard is "'whether a reasonable person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned.'" Pesnell, 543 F.3d at 1043 (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 109 F.3d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1997)). However, the bias must arise from an extra-judicial source and cannot be based solely on information gained in the course of the proceedings. Id. (citing Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 554-56 (1994). "'Judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias

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