California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Stansbury, 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 174, 4 Cal.4th 1017, 846 P.2d 756 (Cal. 1993):
No particular form of words is required in admonishing a defendant who seeks to forego the right to counsel and to represent himself. "The test of a valid waiver of counsel is not whether specific warnings or advisements were given but whether the record as a whole demonstrates that the defendant understood the disadvantages of self-representation, including the risks and complexities of the particular case." (People v. Bloom (1989) 48 Cal.3d 1194, 1225, 259 Cal.Rptr. 669, 774 P.2d 698.)
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