California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Garcia, B270691 (Cal. App. 2017):
Error resulting in a violation of a defendant's federal constitutional rights, including the right to be present at a critical stage of the proceeding, is reviewed under the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt harmless error standard set forth in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705], to determine whether the conviction, or in this case the
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