What is the legal test for aiding and abetting?

[14 Cal.4th 262] As we pointed out earlier, under the general principles of aiding and abetting, "an aider and abettor [must] act with knowledge of the criminal purpose of the perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the offense." (People v. Beeman, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 560, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 674 P.2d 1318, italics in original.) Therefore, when a particular aiding and abetting case triggers application of the "natural and probable consequences" doctrine, the Beeman test applies, and the trier of fact must find that the defendant, acting with (1) knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator; and (2) the intent or purpose of committing, encouraging, or facilitating the commission of a predicate or target offense; (3) by act or advice aided, promoted, encouraged or instigated the commission of the target crime. But the trier of fact must also find that (4) the defendant's confederate committed an offense other than the target crime; ⁴ and (5) the offense committed by the confederate was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime that the defendant aided and abetted.