The following excerpt is from Jones v. Spearman, No. 2:18-cv-0387 MCE DB P (E.D. Cal. 2019):
Carlson v. Attorney Gen. of Calif., 791 F.3d 1003, 1009 (9th Cir. 2015). The court recognized that to meet this standard, there must be an "affirmative action on the part of the defendant that produces the desired result, non-appearance by a prospective witness against him in a criminal case." Id. at 1010.5 The defendant must do more than simply "acquiesce" to the witness's decision not to participate.
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