What is the "either/or" rule in the context of sexual assault cases?

California, United States of America


The following excerpt is from People v. Van Hoek, 200 Cal.App.3d 811, 246 Cal.Rptr. 352 (Cal. App. 1988):

"Emerging from recent cases dealing with the problems arising when a crime is charged and the evidence describes several acts, any one of which could constitute the crime charged, 'is the so-called "either/or" rule: ... either the prosecution must select the specific act relied upon to prove the charge or the jury must be instructed in the words of CALJIC No. 17.01 or 4.71.5 or their equivalent that it must unanimously agree beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the same specific criminal act. [Citations.]' [Citation.]" (People v. Callan (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 1101, 1111, 220 Cal.Rptr. 339, fn. omitted.)

While the "either/or" rule as stated above will cure a failure of election by the prosecution in the usual case where evidence of several specific acts is presented, any one of which could constitute the crime charged, the rule can have no application in a case such as the present one where there is a failure to present evidence of any specific act to support the charged crime. Where, as here, the evidence is that many of such acts were committed over an extended period of time, it would be impossible for the prosecution to "select the specific act relied upon to prove the charge" and equally impossible for the jury to "unanimously agree beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the same specific criminal act." As stated in People v. Williams, supra, 133 Cal. 165, 168, 65 P. 323, "Such a trial, upon a charge so indefinite as to circumstance of time or place, or any particular, except by the general designation, would be a judicial farce, if it were not something a great deal worse."

Other Questions


What is the relevant case law regarding allegations of sexual assault made against appellant in a sexual assault case? (California, United States of America)
When a photograph of a defendant in a sexual assault case was found to have been taken in the context of an alleged sexual assault, is there any connection to the subsequent verdict of attempted sodomy? (California, United States of America)
What is the test for admissibility of evidence of prior sexual assault in a sexual assault case? (California, United States of America)
In a sexual assault case, is it possible for a defendant to sexually assault two women by touching their genitals? (California, United States of America)
What is the test for admitting prior sexual assault evidence in a sexual assault case? (California, United States of America)
In a sexual assault case, is a defendant more culpable in committing two acts of sodomy than if they committed only one act of sexual assault? (California, United States of America)
What is the relevant case law in the context of sexual assault cases? (California, United States of America)
For the purposes of section 1108.2(1) of the California Criminal Code, is there any constitutional error in a trial court's decision to instruct the jury in a sexual assault case to consider the use of sexual assault evidence admitted under Section 1108? (California, United States of America)
Is there any reason to exclude evidence of sexual assault prior to the trial of defendant in his sexual assault case? (California, United States of America)
How has the Court treated prior sexual assault cases in the context of domestic violence cases? (California, United States of America)
X



Alexi white


"The most advanced legal research software ever built."

Trusted by top litigators from across North America.