The following excerpt is from U.S. v. U.S. Currency, $584,091.00, 952 F.2d 1400 (9th Cir. 1992):
The district court's finding of probable cause to believe the money is proceeds of narcotics trafficking is reviewed de novo. United States v. Padilla, 888 F.2d 642, 643 (9th Cir.1989). Legal questions concerning the relation back doctrine, the law of assignment, and the "innocent owner" exception are reviewed de novo. United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.) (en banc) (exigent circumstances), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 824 (1984).
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