California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Lamb, F068633 (Cal. App. 2016):
valid waiver of counsel is not whether specific warnings or advisements were given but whether the record as a whole demonstrates that the defendant understood the disadvantages of self-representation, including the risks and complexities of the particular case." ' " (People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102, 140.)
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