What constitutes a seizure under the Fourth Amendment for the purpose of search and seizure of a car?

It is well settled that the stop of an automobile by police constitutes a "seizure" for purposes of the Fourth Amendment ( People v. Spencer, 84 N.Y.2d 749, 622 N.Y.S.2d 483, 646 N.E.2d 785 [1995] ; People v. May, 81 N.Y.2d 725, 593 N.Y.S.2d 760, 609 N.E.2d 113 [1992] ). Police stops of automobiles are permissible where the police have probable cause to believe that the driver of an automobile has committed a traffic violation ( People v. Guthrie, 25 N.Y.3d 130, 8 N.Y.S.3d 237, 30 N.E.3d 880 [2015] ; People v. Robinson, 97 N.Y.2d 341, 741 N.Y.S.2d 147, 767 N.E.2d 638 [2001] ), or where there exists reasonable suspicion that the driver or occupants of the vehicle have committed, are committing, or are about to commit a crime ( Spencer at 752, 753, 622 N.Y.S.2d 483, 646 N.E.2d 785 ).¹