The following excerpt is from United States v. Singh, 995 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2021):
4 Plain error occurs "if there has been (1) error; (2) that was plain; (3) that affected substantial rights; and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings." United States v. Mickey , 897 F.3d 1173, 1183 (9th Cir. 2018).
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