What are the requirements for videotaped statements in a civil case?

The videotaped statements in this case met all of these requirements. The statements possessed guarantees of trustworthiness because the declarants (1) were under oath and subject to the penalty of perjury; (2) made the statements voluntarily; (3) based the statements on facts within their own personal knowledge; (4) did not contradict any of their previous statements to government agents and defense investigators; and (5) had their testimony preserved on videotape which would allow the jurors an opportunity to view their demeanor. See Barker v. Morris, 761 F.2d 1396, 1401-03 (9th Cir.1985). The government had an opportunity to develop the testimony of these

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