What are the elements of municipal liability in the context of a medical malpractice case?

Municipal liability may be premised on: (1) conduct pursuant to an expressly adopted official policy; (2) a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the "standard operating procedure" of the local government entity; (3) a decision of a decision-making official who was, as a matter of state law, a final policymaking authority whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of decision; or (4) an official with final policy making authority either delegating that authority to or ratifying the decision of, a subordinate. See Price v. Sery,

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