Under what circumstances will a defendant be required to have a Miranda warning?

Under clearly established federal law, Miranda warnings are required "only where there has been such a restriction on a person's freedom as to render him 'in custody.'" Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994) (citations omitted).² The "ultimate inquiry" underlying the question of custody "is simply whether there was a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest." Id. (citation and alteration omitted). To answer this question, the reviewing court looks to the totality of the circumstances, id. at 322, 114 S.Ct. 1526, that might "affect[ ] how a reasonable person in that position would perceive his or her freedom to leave." Id. at 325, 114 S.Ct. 1526.