Under what circumstances can a witness be cross-examined in writing?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Sacerdote v. N.Y. Univ., 18-2707-cv (2nd Cir. 2021):

[99] See Ball v. Interoceanica Corp., 71 F.3d 73, 77 (2d Cir. 1995) (per curiam) ("[W]e approve the procedure allowing the parties to produce direct evidence from their witnesses in writing while permitting subsequent oral cross-examination-particularly when the parties agree to that procedure in advance.").

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