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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


What is the test for a judge's conduct in voir dire?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a judge order a joint custody order?


British Columbia, Canada

How have courts dealt with the issue of loss of composure in closing argument?


California, United States of America

Is there a presumption of judicial impartiality?


Ontario, Canada

Is there any case law in which a defendant has standing to challenge the search of a vehicle?


California, United States of America

How have election officials been ordered not to place initiative and referendum proposals on the ballot on the grounds that the electorate does not have the power to enact them?


California, United States of America

What is litigation privilege and what is its purpose?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on privilege?


British Columbia, Canada

When will a court order restitution for a victim of a crime as a condition of probation?


California, United States of America

Is prejudicial evidence in a criminal case admissible?


California, United States of America

Does a party who is not a party to a contract have standing to bring a tort claim?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on security for costs against an impecunious plaintiff?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of review on appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend?


California, United States of America

Does a spouse's failure to make an interim application for retroactive child and spousal support carry more weight than they would have if they were seeking interim support?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a violation of section 135(3) of the noise bylaw required to be met by the Strata Plan VR 2000?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a jury to convict a defendant of attempted murder?


California, United States of America

Does the instruction in section 190.3 of the California Criminal Code specify which of the factors aggravating and mitigating are aggravating?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to suppress evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for declaratory judgment under the Declaratory Judgment Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

When will a defendant not receive a psychological evaluation for purposes of sentencing?


California, United States of America

Can a jury reasonably have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the government improperly vouch for the veracity of a witness testimony?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the law governing the duty of a trial court to instruct a jury on a lesser included offense?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a joinder of murder charges?


California, United States of America

What is the standard by which to establish a sistership relationship?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for ineffective representation in criminal law?


California, United States of America

Is City entitled to a cause of action for declaratory relief based upon its right to equitable indemnification?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law in this case?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will the court change custody of children from the father to the mother?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant deny giving a statement to the police as a result of her statutory duty to do so?


Ontario, Canada

Does a prosecution expert witness related case-specific hearsay to the jury and treated it as true to support her opinion?


California, United States of America

How have the courts treated mitigating evidence in sentencing cases?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a distinction between primary and secondary victims?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the principles to be applied in determining whether the court has jurisdiction over a workplace or labour relations dispute?


British Columbia, Canada

Can an insured participate in an examination under oath at the request of their insurer?


Ontario, Canada

Can a motion to disqualify a judge be appealed by the Court of Appeal?


California, United States of America

Is an out-of-pocket interest expense not a recoverable disbursement under Rule 14-1(5)?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the failure to timely object waiver the issue for review?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant be punished multiple times for a single act or omission?


California, United States of America

Can a jury find that a defendant took but not drove a stolen pickup truck?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a matter is urgent?


Ontario, Canada

Is a minor's motion to augment the record with two photographs from the inside of a vehicle that was never shown to the witness before the trial hearing denied?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will the US Supreme Court strike down the death penalty as unconstitutional?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review in the context of a worker’s compensation appeal?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for a search warrant under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a motion to revoke release bond from a defendant in a federal criminal case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the onus on the moving party to demonstrate the need for adjournment?


Ontario, Canada

Is a failure to attach a document to a proof of claim sufficient to invalidate a claim?


federal, United States of America

Is a lack of perimeter drainage a patent defect?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for determining whether there has been a policy breach based on a declared principal operator misrepresentation?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for multiple punishment under section 654 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

Can issue estoppel prevent parties from re-litigating issues previously decided in another court proceeding?


Ontario, Canada

What is the appropriate notice period for an older, long term employee?


Ontario, Canada

What is the effect of a consent order on the reading of evidence?


Alberta, Canada

Does a court have discretion in declining to award costs to a plaintiff for models, blowups and photocopies of exhibits at trial?


California, United States of America

What is the difference between the mental state required for a conviction of a specific intent crime and that of those convicted of a general intent crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for “over-staffing” in law?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a primary carer who fled with her children from an abusive home in Italy to escape prosecution?


Ontario, Canada

Can an employer be held liable for misrepresentation when there is no cause?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of review in a sexual assault case where the prosecution relies primarily on circumstantial evidence and to special circumstance allegations?


California, United States of America

Can a criminal charge be filed directly in a court of criminal jurisdiction pursuant to section 707(d)?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing liability in negligence?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on ERISA, and if so, can an administrator be held liable for failing to comply with a request for information?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there any case law where a defendant has argued that the trial court erred by refusing to admit two items of evidence?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review in the context of the "patently unreasonable" test?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for dismissal of a second federal habeas petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are some cases dealing with discrimination on the basis of disability with respect to housing?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for certifying a commercial aircraft?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a judge grant a stayaway order for a defendant at his sentencing hearing?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of hearsay?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a finding that a witness has credibility be reconciled with the finding that the witness had credibility?


California, United States of America

What factors will a court consider in making or refusing a child representation order?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

What is the test for establishing a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the use of peremptory challenges?


California, United States of America

What is the essential inquiry in a medical malpractice case?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for cross-admissible evidence in a robbery-murder trial?


California, United States of America

Can a statement about something in the future be fraudulent misrepresentation of fact?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Is ineffective counsel ineffective for failing to object to an order in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of proving that a federal constitutional error is harmless?


California, United States of America

Is evidence of gang membership admissible in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of justification for a search or seizure without a warrant?


California, United States of America

What is the range of prison terms for a defendant convicted of assault with intent to murder, assault and firearm enhancement?


California, United States of America

Does not need to determine whether there was substantial evidence in support of defendant's unconsciousness defense?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a Commissioner's decision to grant special status to a plaintiff in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a visa officer assess an applicant according to all three options when the applicant chooses to apply under only one of them?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for establishing probable cause to set aside or prohibit the prosecution of an allegation of sexual assault?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant is entitled to the independent review of the evidence provided by the courts?


California, United States of America

What is the test for uniqueness of a property?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a parent's right to have custody of their children?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a federal district court have subject matter jurisdiction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for discussing the cumulative impact of a project in an environmental review?


California, United States of America

Can the police seize the metal grinder and the candy tin from the accused during a search?


Alberta, Canada

Is there any case law where a delay in bringing a motion to obtain relief is due to the discovery of irregularity?


Ontario, Canada

Is class counsel entitled to fees and costs arising from the settlement of a class action?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the statute of limitations apply to an action for declaratory relief?


California, United States of America

What is the test for assessing the sufficiency of evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for bringing a claim under section 1983 of the Federal Civil Rights Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the consequences if a party takes a "no action" approach to litigation?


Ontario, Canada

What is the burden of proving that the prosecution was undertaken in good faith and in a nondiscriminatory fashion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a finding of premeditation and deliberation in a murder trial?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant be charged for refusing to stand up and walk after submitting to arrest?


"New York", United States of America

How have courts in BC assessed credibility?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a search warrant for a vehicle seized in the early hours of the morning?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of proving that a party invoking federal jurisdiction has jurisdiction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on access to judicial records and copies?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a mistake in a written notice harmless beyond a reasonable doubt?


California, United States of America

Can a secured party who, by force, takes possession of collateral in a breach of the peace, become responsible in damages to the defaulting owner?


California, United States of America

How has the Court of Appeal disposed of the matter regarding writ of possession?


Ontario, Canada

Is there any case law where defense counsel objected to the imposition of the upper term?


California, United States of America

When will the Court of Appeal review the evidence to support a conviction for sexual assault?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of appellate fact review in the context of an appeal?


Saskatchewan, Canada

Can a criminal defendant make a suppression motion at the time of the preliminary hearing?


California, United States of America

What is the test for applying the "rule of lenity" to reverse convictions under Section 33 of the Criminal Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the foreign sovereign immunity provisions of the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act apply to federal courts in cases involving foreign states?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a death row inmate who has been convicted of a capital crime and sentenced to death have a right to a court-appointed counsel?


California, United States of America

Is a receiver entitled to fees paid by an attorney for services rendered in obtaining the appointment of a receiver?


California, United States of America

Is a full resentencing necessary when a part of a sentence is stricken on review?


California, United States of America

What is the test for insufficiency of evidence in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

How have the facts in appellant's third amended complaint been interpreted by the Court of Appeal?


California, United States of America

Does questioning by the police constitute interrogation?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances have aliens been granted judicial review of a similar administrative determination?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What consent must be provided by a patient to perform surgery?


Manitoba, Canada

Does section 1717 of the California Civil Code provide mutuality of remedy for attorney fees under a contractual attorney fee contract?


California, United States of America

What are the principles governing the doctrine of mootness?


British Columbia, Canada

How have courts considered the doctrine of waiver in relation to privileged documents?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a long-term marriage?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for an independent review of the entire record in this appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for calculating child support arrears in a situation where one of the parties' three children went to live with their father for two periods of time?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a judge have any authority to issue a written statement of the reasons for revoking probation?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How has discretion been exercised in determining whether to grant a motion for a new trial?


California, United States of America

Can a personal action in defamation relating to union activities outside the field of labour relations be brought?


Ontario, Canada

What categories of conduct does the oppression remedy apply?


Ontario, Canada

Can a plaintiff be held liable for failing to acquire knowledge of the facts of a medical malpractice case?


California, United States of America

Does time commence to run on the day that the reasons for judgment were published?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on enforceability of employment security agreements?


California, United States of America

Is a vehicle that is insured for farm use and pleasure use more than twice as much as the vehicle insured for the purpose of transporting the insured to and from work?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a court's failure to give reasons for not imposing a restitution fine amount to an unauthorized sentence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to uphold a finding of sufficient evidence to convict a defendant in a sexual assault case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a correctional officer to refuse to grant an inmate's right to speak to the media?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is an unidentified police informer acting as an agent of the police when she entered the premises of two accused?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the range of restitution available to a defendant who has been denied probation and sentenced to prison?


California, United States of America

What are some cases involving the US Supreme Court that have been decided by federal judges?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will the California Court of Appeal strike down a section of the California Family Law Act that prohibits the use of a child as a witness?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant's claim that ineffective assistance of counsel led him to enter a felony plea instead of a misdemeanor and thus erroneously receive a (negotiated) felony sentence?


California, United States of America

What are the requirements for a motion to compel discovery?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for rejecting a finding by an administrative law judge?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for "cruel and unusual punishment" under s. 12 of the Charter?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

What authorities have been cited in this matter?


Manitoba, Canada

What is the standard of proof in a personal injury case?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a repudiation of a loan an adequate remedy?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a defendant be found to have committed a single physical act for purposes of section 654 of the California Criminal Code, Section 215 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Section 422 of the Criminal Code for carjacking?


California, United States of America

Is a wife deemed to be deserted when she is living apart from her husband?


Saskatchewan, Canada

Is a denial of a severance motion reviewed for an abuse of discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a plaintiff on a disability payment entitled to double costs?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the effect of a federal judge's refusal to grant a writ of habeas?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does section 3003.5(b) of the California Code of Civil Procedure restrict sex offender registration requirements for purposes of the ex post facto clause?


California, United States of America

Can a judge annul or annul a finding in an opinion?


California, United States of America

What is the relevant case law on conditional discharge and absolute discharge?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the purpose of a spousal support order?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of obtaining a complete transcript from an indigent appellant?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of the probate court's personal observations of appellant in determining whether to order a second competency hearing?


California, United States of America

When will a defendant succeed in his application for ineffective assistance of counsel?


California, United States of America

What is the test for securing a search warrant for a search without a warrant?


California, United States of America

What are the damages recoverable from Rule 65(c) security?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for being a member of a criminal street gang?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a court order that a motion to amend a motion brought by a plaintiff be amended?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a security order on a property owned by a party who has failed to honour a support obligation?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a defendant has the ability to pay in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

How have courts dealt with an injunction against soliciting a customer, client or supplier of an insurance company?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will a defendant be convicted of making a terrorist threat against a witness?


California, United States of America

What is the qualification for a search and seizure?


California, United States of America

Is presence at a crime scene sufficient to establish aiding and abetting?


California, United States of America

Is there a real and substantial connection between the jurisdiction and the subject matter of the action?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for obtaining a consent to search without a warrant?


California, United States of America

What is the credibility of the witnesses in a civil case?


California, United States of America

How to view the evidence in the context of a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can an expert witness be cross-examined in a personal injury trial?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a court allow a police officer to search a phone's text messages and settings without consent?


California, United States of America

How have courts dealt with a discrepancy between the written and orally delivered instructions in a trial?


California, United States of America

What is solicitor-client communication privilege?


Ontario, Canada

How has the court treated the rate of speed as an admitted fact?


Ontario, Canada

Does a defendant need to remain on remand after a sentencing error has been found in the Superior Court of Appeal?


California, United States of America

Does the limitation period apply to loss at bar?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will a defendant be able to appeal against a sentence that was wrongfully sentenced?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a defendant's right to speedy trial?


California, United States of America

What is the standard for an affidavit to be sworn in?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for obtaining consent to search a person in a search warrant?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a right to appoint counsel in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a court required to provide an instruction that duplicates the instruction provided by the appellant?


California, United States of America

What is the test for collecting attorney fees under the tort-of-another doctrine?


California, United States of America

What is the test for reversal of a death penalty conviction?


California, United States of America

Does section 1001.36 of the Ontario Penal Code apply retroactively to cases like this?


California, United States of America

What is the test for admitting further evidence after the conclusion of the trial?


Ontario, Canada

What is the appropriate date for assessing damages in a personal injury case?


Ontario, Canada

What are the proper filing dates for a prisoner's habeas corpus petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the factors to consider when one parent wants to move the residence of the child to a location that is far from the other parent?


Quebec, Canada

What is a “new situation” for a defendant to withdraw an admission of liability for damages arising out of a motor vehicle accident?


Ontario, Canada

Does solicitor privilege attach to communications that were in preparation or in furtherance of a crime or fraud?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What evidence exists that defendant had the intent, expressed by word and deed, to murder the victim?


California, United States of America

What is the test for sexual harassment in the workplace?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the "substantial evidence" standard of review in medical malpractice cases?


California, United States of America