What is the test for defamatory language?

In Turco v. Dunlop, [1998] B.C.J. 2711 (S.C.) Parrett, J. held at para. 35: While there is little in the way of a comprehensive definition of what is defamatory the major tests which emerge from the authorities would appear to fall into one of three approaches: (1) Would the imputation tend to “lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally”?; (2) Would the imputation tend to cause others to shun or avoid the plaintiff?, and (3) Would the words tend to expose the plaintiff to “hatred, contempt or ridicule?”