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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


What is the effect of a bill of sale of chattels in a place of business?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What factors should be considered when assessing non-pecuniary damages?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will a court order that a fence or eaves of a house encroaches over the boundary line of a neighbouring property?


New Brunswick, Canada

How have courts interpreted a warrant to search a person's Facebook account?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there any case law where a defendant has to prove that he committed an earlier crime by showing evidence of the crime committed at the time of trial?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for granting summary judgment in a sexual assault case?


Ontario, Canada

Does the actio personalis maxim apply to a claim under the Wills Variation Act?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a defendant to make an offer to settle under section 998 of the California Civil Code?


California, United States of America

How have courts treated prior criminal convictions in aggravation cases?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law in this case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a defendant's failure to object when the instruction was given forfeit his challenge on appeal?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant force a plaintiff to disgorge the benefit received in exchange for improvements to a farm?


Nova Scotia, Canada

Does a court have jurisdiction to order that a motion be heard before a jury in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant's financial condition is to be considered a factor in determining punitive damages?


California, United States of America

Can a child welfare worker obtain a warrant to remove a child against the mother's wishes?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a prosecutor permitted to comment on a witness's testimony?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a judge to grant a temporary order to remove a parent from custody and place the child in the custody of the access parent?


Nova Scotia, Canada

Can an employer be found guilty of intentional infliction of emotional distress?


"New York", United States of America

What is the current state of the law on covenant not to execute?


California, United States of America

What is the test for multiple punishment under section 654 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the range of enhancements under Penal Code section 12022.5 to the sentence of being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm?


California, United States of America

Does the Ninth Amendment have to be used as a substitute for any other constitutional right?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the district court's ruling that the police conduct is immune from constitutional attack because the police force operates with the consent of the manager of the hotel?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review applied in cases involving hearsay evidence?


California, United States of America

How have the courts reviewed the record for potential error?


California, United States of America

What is the reason why appellant's defense counsel did not request a pinpoint jury instruction regarding the alleged "suggestive influences" behind the identification of witnesses?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim of insufficiency of evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a postjudgment order against a plaintiff in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review required for a supplemental brief on behalf of a defendant on appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a tortfeasor is liable for a plaintiff's injuries?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for establishing a commercial partnership?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the difference between the prosecutor and appellant in their argument that there is an objective test to reduce murder to the second degree?


California, United States of America

Does a reassessment of a health care provider's medical records need to be completed as part of an audit if the Minister intends to continue the audit?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Is a federal district judge required to recuse himself from hearing a case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a warrant to enter into a person's home?


California, United States of America

Is a convict released on his own recognizance pending execution of his sentence "in custody"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an agreement between the petitioner and the principal of the company which employed him?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the felony-murder rule apply to the assaultive nature of child abuse?


California, United States of America

Does a consent decree need to impose all the obligations authorized by law?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review of Commissioner Dion’s decision to reopen a case?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Can a jury change or amend a verdict of guilty of lewd acts in a case of mistaken identity?


California, United States of America

What is the test for reasonable refusal of a treatment?


British Columbia, Canada

Is there any case law where a wife is imputed income because she quit her job?


Nova Scotia, Canada

Does a trial judge erred in principle in exercising spousal support under ss. 15(5) and 15(7) of the Divorce Act?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the affirmative defense in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for liability for negligent conduct in a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

Does a lessor have covenanted that neither he nor his "assigns" will erect or permit a building in front of the building line on land adjoining the lessor's premises?


Saskatchewan, Canada

In applying the tripartite test, how have the courts in Canada treated the issue of inadmissibility of an applicant's spouse?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the scope of the argument that lack of clarity on the ballot amounts to a violation under s. 3 of the Charter?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the legal test for amending a pleading?


British Columbia, Canada

Is an order disqualifying defense counsel in a criminal case appealable under the collateral order?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on judicial review of juror bias at the end of a long trial?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a judge to sentence a convicted sex offender on the basis of his criminal record?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a delay between a doctor’s recommendation that a plaintiff need physiotherapy and rehabilitation program mitigate her damages?


British Columbia, Canada

What constitutes a search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

Is solicitor/client privilege violated if evidence of a deceased client’s intentions is admitted to a jury?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the legal test for a witness exclusion order?


California, United States of America

Does a constructive trust invoked by the wife in a separate civil action against the husband be considered a remedy of constructive trust?


Manitoba, Canada

What is the standard of acceptability or tolerance in Canadian culture and arts law?


Alberta, Canada

What constitutes a "unusual circumstances" or an award that is "unjust or grossly inadequate"?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of review for a judgment of dismissal?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of New York City Police's authority to approach and pose questions to citizens in the street?


"New York", United States of America

Does a debtor who is subject to a pre-bankruptcy judgment against a debtor have any recourse against the debtor?


California, United States of America

Is the crime of street terrorism a so-called "wobbler"?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant appeal his conviction for false imprisonment against a defendant who was previously convicted of kidnapping?


California, United States of America

Can the Rais rely on Rule 37 or Rule 37A to claim costs?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of disclosure required for an experimental sterilization procedure?


Alberta, Canada

Can a judge be disqualified if his wife is an equity partner in a law firm representing a party in the case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can an offer of settlement be marked "Without Prejudice"?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Is there a denial of due process or denial of fair trial under section 352 of the Evidence Code?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim that insufficient evidence supports a conviction?


California, United States of America

Is a prison official's failure to protect a pretrial detainee a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a tenant be able to bring a claim against his landlord alleging abuse of process?


Ontario, Canada

Can a defendant's actual belief be inferred from the circumstantial evidence in the record?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of gross negligence in a medical malpractice case?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for limiting instruction in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim-of-right defense?


California, United States of America

Can a joint venture be repudiated if the joint venture was terminated by abandonment?


California, United States of America

Does the standard of review for the prejudice prong apply to counsel's performance?


California, United States of America

Does an attorney have the authority to enter into a stipulation binding on the client in settlement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review in determining whether jury instructions in a personal injury case apply the law?


California, United States of America

What is the test for piercing the corporate veil in the context of a family law case?


Ontario, Canada

When is a piece of sod that fell off a pick-up truck not cargo but debris?


Yukon, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a spouse can request a modification of support?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a jury allow a defendant to present his defense in the absence of jury instructions?


California, United States of America

Can a claim for contribution to expenses used in maintaining a property lead to an entitlement to occupational rent?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of review required by the Court of Appeal for a finding of force likely to cause great bodily injury under section 245(c) of the Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant has preserved a claim that the federal court erred in its application of the sentencing guidelines?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is required by the Eighth Amendment to prohibit the use of the death penalty?


California, United States of America

What is a SLAPP and what is its meaning?


California, United States of America

Can a team approach to litigation be successful?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for dismissing criminal charges against defendants pursuant to section 995 of the California Penal Code?


California, United States of America

Does the superior court have jurisdiction to hear non-judicial review matters arising from disputes in the academic sphere?


Manitoba, Canada

Does nonjudicial foreclosure violate the Seventh Amendment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a hearsay exception in a civil case?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will an application be successful for further discovery under Rule 7-1(11)?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will the trial court not abuse its investigation into potential juror misconduct?


California, United States of America

What is a landowner's duty to exercise reasonable care?


California, United States of America

What is a trade secret and what is considered a "trade secret"?


"New York", United States of America

Is a court bound by the principles of law to award costs in a personal injury action?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What evidence of third-party culpability was found to be prejudicial at trial?


California, United States of America

Can a plaintiff bring a claim on behalf of a third party?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard for review of a motion to bifurcate the gang enhancement?


California, United States of America

Does a federal court's decision on a speedy trial claim need to be reviewed de novo?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining if novation has occurred?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the consequence of a second citation for failure to respond?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the reasonable suspicion standard used by police in cases of mistaken identity?


California, United States of America

How can an employer be sued for breach of the California Labor Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can solicitor-client privilege be set aside in the interest of public safety?


Ontario, Canada

When will a court review its finding that a case may or may not be unusual?


California, United States of America

Does the defence of necessity have an air of reality?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for denying a motion under Section 2255 of the Criminal Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the elements of equitable estoppel?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the profound problems with the proof of S.I.A. damages?


Ontario, Canada

Is a plaintiff’s capacity to perform cleaning services compensable?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a plaintiff have a duty to mitigate their losses by taking steps such as closing a business and closing a bank?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of challenging a denial of a continuance?


California, United States of America

Can a plaintiff obtain personal information of a defendant without a court order?


California, United States of America

How have the authorities relating to judicial review of a decision to confirm or revoke a decision by the Superintendent of Motor Vehicles under s. 215.41?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a de novo review of a suppression ruling?


California, United States of America

Is severance or joinder in the interests of justice?


Ontario, Canada

Does the government have an incentive to cross-examine a perjurious witness in the grand jury room?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the role of an Adjudicator in determining the outcome of a civil case?


British Columbia, Canada

Is methamphetamine ever immediately transformed into a high crime area?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a lesser crime was committed?


California, United States of America

Is an intention to produce an unreasonable result not to be imputed to a statute?


Alberta, Canada

Is there any case law where a witness refused to testify at trial for medical reasons?


California, United States of America

Can a motor vehicle be declared an instrument of work of the debtor?


Canada (Federal), Canada

If no Fourth Amendment seizure took place, would Plaintiffs' claims be considered under the Fourteenth Amendment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the Defendant have an ulterior motive to conduct a traffic stop?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a suspended imposition of sentence on two counts of assault under section 654 of the Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

How has section 654 of the California Street Terrorism Act been interpreted in the context of a drive-by shooting?


California, United States of America

Is a restitution order for abuse of discretion enforceable?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for awarding custody of a child to the sole parent of the child?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an award under section 2412(d)(1)(A) of the Civil Procedure Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for abuse of discretion under the amended sentencing scheme?


California, United States of America

Is a plaintiff entitled to benefit from any reasonable doubt, or application of the rule of lenity, in the construction of section 602(b) of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the test for proportionality under the Eighth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for overturning a jury's verdict?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances have courts overturned sentences for forgery and grand theft?


California, United States of America

Is a firearms officer's decision not to grant a licence to an applicant reasonable?


Ontario, Canada

Does the scheduling of a personal injury trial by a federal judge exceed its "great deal of latitude" in scheduling trials?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the result of a motion for writ of habeas corpus reduced to second degree murder?


California, United States of America

What is the test for corroboration in a witness report?


California, United States of America

What is the test for granting an extension of time to appeal?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for reversal of a conviction based on insufficiency of the evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of "intimidation"?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current range of sentences available to future judges?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

How have courts treated privileged and confidential documents?


California, United States of America

Does a prisoner have to prove substantial damages to his mental health if they are denied medical treatment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a defendant be represented solely by counsel in a minor traffic infraction case?


California, United States of America

Is Skeena and Holdings a family asset?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for admissible video evidence in a medical malpractice case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for dismissing a plaintiff's claim for qualified immunity?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a spouse's income disparity with the other spouse constitute a basis for spousal support?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for privacy rights in sports?


California, United States of America

Is there any evidence that the applicant was debilitated from pursuing his Code Rights for the past one year?


Ontario, Canada

Is a jury's failure to give a jury instructions on second degree implied malice provocative act murder prejudiced?


California, United States of America

What are the grounds for reconsideration in this case?


California, United States of America

Can a plaintiff in a civil rights case request attorney fees from the Court of Appeal?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to agree that a defendant is guilty of a crime?


California, United States of America

Is there an arguable issue in a motion for discovery of Officer Oropeza's personnel records?


California, United States of America

Does a certificate of probable cause need to be obtained to challenge a ruling on a section 995 motion?


California, United States of America

Does expert testimony that usurps the role of the jury in making a decision?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the evidence supporting a conviction for making a terrorist threat?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test for probable cause under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

How have courts interpreted the proviso of an accident policy in respect of death by accident or violence?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for waiving an error assigned to a plaintiff in a civil case?


California, United States of America

When reviewing a court's award of fees for abuse of discretion, how do we review the underlying factual determinations for clear error?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will the Court overturn an attempted murder conviction and the penalty of death be vacated?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law in relation to family law settlements?


Ontario, Canada

How have courts interpreted the provisions of the California Civil Code former section 1673 in the context of restraints on business operations and commercial dealings?


California, United States of America

What is the test for obtaining security for costs of an appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the objective and objective components of an Eighth Amendment claim?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the legal test for a claim of sexual assault?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a spouse have possession or enjoyment of a property?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for the offence of following too closely?


Ontario, Canada

In what circumstances can a private right-of-way be claimed as a compensable taking?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for directed verdict?


Ontario, Canada

Is a successful party entitled to a judgment from the Court of Appeal pending an appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for reasonable conduct in the context of an application by a plaintiff in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the meaning of the term “immediate hazard” for left turning drivers?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the unconsciousness and accident defense only apply to the lewd act charge?


California, United States of America

Can a judge be held liable in civil action for misconduct in his or her actions?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on research that is not for commercial use but for private use?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Does a defendant have a right to self-representation against the death penalty?


California, United States of America

Does the first amendment prohibit states from interfering with freedom of speech?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test used to determine whether to award costs to the successful party?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a husband entitled to equal division of disability benefits received by his wife from a pension plan earned during their marriage?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the mandatory minimum sentence apply to an individual who has a history of violent crime?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What factors will a judge consider when deciding whether to grant a motion of no confidence?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a party has been deemed to be an indispensable party?


California, United States of America

Does the Court have jurisdiction over a cause in the trial court during the pendency of an appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the legal immunity of a judge from prosecution?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for determining the meaning of a clause in a marriage contract?


Alberta, Canada

Does Section 451 or 452.5(2) of the California Controlled Substitute Act allow a person to be found guilty of the crime of furnishing a controlled substance to another person?


California, United States of America

Can a plaintiff include supplemental state law claims in a civil rights action brought in federal court?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the scope of inquiry when a criminal defendant is impeached with evidence of a prior felony conviction?


California, United States of America

What constitutes intentional infliction of mental suffering?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the failure to fund a drug patch deny a plaintiff's due process rights?


California, United States of America