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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


Is a vesting order necessary to ensure compliance with the respondent's obligations?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for unanimity instruction in drug possession cases?


California, United States of America

What are Pierringer agreements in multi-party lawsuits?


Alberta, Canada

Can a plaintiff bring a claim for damages arising out of the theft of a laptop by a third party?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of deliberate indifference for a prison officer to treat an inmate as a prisoner for deprivation?


MultiRegion, United States of America

If No. 4 is not sustained when No. 1 is fixed, can No 4 be sustained when the grate is fixed?


Ontario, Canada

How have we appealed against the conviction and sentencing of a defendant in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

How have the courts treated the probation officer's report of the appellant in an adoption application?


California, United States of America

Is solicitor/client privilege waived in a personal injury action?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the legal test for a motion to exclude the testimony of a witness under the Fifth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a plaintiff to join the successful defendants in a personal injury action?


Alberta, Canada

Can a motion for a continuance be made in the absence of the opposing party?


California, United States of America

What are the elements of a constructive trust?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the definition of negligence of a lawyer?


Alberta, Canada

How have courts considered gang membership and violent history in assessing the sufficiency of a threat under section 422 of the Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the test for assessing punitive damages in a motor vehicle accident case?


California, United States of America

When will a defendant's claim of ineffective assistance be rejected on appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether the parties meant what they meant when they signed a contract?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for the defense of entrapment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is probable cause a complete defense to a claim of malicious prosecution?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for reversing unanimous verdicts in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Can a jury be instructed on the natural and probable consequences or felony murder theory of liability?


California, United States of America

Is a relationship giving rise to a duty of care?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for constructive possession of a firearm under a crossfire between two people?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a section of the California Civil Code have to be interpreted as "policy" rather than as "law"?


California, United States of America

Is a lesser included offense of a charged crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an anti-SLAPP motion?


California, United States of America

What is the test for finding an attorney in contempt of court?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motorcyclist to be found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to vacate, set aside or correct a sentence under section 2255 of the Criminal Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is it an injustice to allow a claim to proceed while preventing the defence to pursue a counterclaim?


Manitoba, Canada

What is the effect of Proposition 21 on subdivision (b)(5) of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

Does vandalism constitute a lesser included crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a cause of action against a defendant in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of care owed by a public carrier to its passengers?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for an action for money had and received?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What is the current state of the law on seizure by police officers during a traffic stop?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of referring to two extrinsic country documents in the context of state protection?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Is there any case law where a trial court prohibited defense counsel from referencing the prosecution of O.J. Simpson and the Menendez brothers?


California, United States of America

Can an independent adjuster’s report prepared in advance of litigation be disclosed to the opposing party?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a corporation represent itself in court?


California, United States of America

What constitutes a defense for purposes of ex post facto analysis?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on the liability of escrow holders?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant bring a special motion to strike a cause of action arising from constitutionally protected speech or petitioning activity?


California, United States of America

What is the likelihood that this collision was minor?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for appeal against the evidentiary rulings of the trial court on the admissibility of evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of expert evidence on the standard of care of a doctor who fails to disclose the risks to a patient?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the difference between robbery and extortion?


California, United States of America

Is a remedial statute entitled to a liberal construction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How have courts interpreted the word "knowingly" in the context of Section 2244(b) of the Criminal Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a Charter challenge not be heard?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the principles governing the setting aside of a default judgment?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for making a request for an adverse party to admit the truth of a legal conclusion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to agree to a verdict in a sexual assault case?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test of probable cause?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an equal share of the economic impact of a broken marriage?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for abuse of reason in marriage law?


California, United States of America

How have the courts treated the issue of search and seizure during a traffic stop?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether there is sufficient evidence to convict defendant Jesus Lopez of assault with intent to pervert the course of justice?


California, United States of America

Is a grievor’s base rate of pay based on her actual income (which is inclusive of overtime and other premium rates), not just her base rate pay?


Ontario, Canada

Is a condition of supervised release an abuse of discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is divided success in a family court case?


Ontario, Canada

What is the effect of a modification to a jury's instructions on voluntary manslaughter?


California, United States of America

If the record is silent and the appellant has failed to sustain his burden of proving error, what is the test for striking a prior felony conviction?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a manager or supervisor of a criminal enterprise to be found guilty of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a defendant have a right to be present at a pre-trial hearing?


California, United States of America

Does section 1101 of the California Evidence Code prohibit the admission of character or propensity evidence in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for impairment of a person's capacity to earn income?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the primacy of the open courts under s. 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a Section 1983 violation of the Eighth Amendment based on inadequate medical care?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the state of the law on the doctrine of 'not in evidence'?


California, United States of America

Is it a lawyer's professional responsibility to withhold or conceal the instrumentalities of a crime?


California, United States of America

Does a search warrant need to be obtained to obtain access to a user's e-mail address without a warrant?


California, United States of America

What is the test for substantial evidence in an appeal from a denial of disability benefits?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for approval of an interim payment pending the hearing of a WVA claim?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of overcoming the presumption of correctness in a cross-appeal?


California, United States of America

How have instructions been interpreted in a jury trial?


California, United States of America

Is a plaintiff’s plan a workable framework for moving the case forward?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a right-to-sue letter a prerequisite to bringing a Title VII lawsuit?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for non-disclosure?


Ontario, Canada

What are the elements of a possession of marijuana with intent to distribute?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a buyer of marijuana not guilty of trafficking or of aiding and abetting the trafficker who has sold to him?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What are the costs of correcting an error in a medical malpractice case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does section 12310 of the California Criminal Code require a willfully and maliciously committed act of violence to be deemed to be an act of malice?


California, United States of America

What is the case law in favour of giving a judge a second chance?


Manitoba, Canada

Can a court summon a witness at a custody hearing?


Ontario, Canada

How have the courts dealt with a motion for personal injury in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on discretion of the trial court in assessing the probative value of particular evidence?


California, United States of America

What statements have been made by three prospective jurors in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Can custom or usage overcome the rule of law?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a defendant entitled to a greatly enhanced sentence based upon facts found exclusively by the sentencing judge and not by the jury?


California, United States of America

What is procedural fairness for a plaintiff in a medical malpractice case?


Alberta, Canada

Can a motion to suppress be heard on the same date as the motion to grant a continuance?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an alleged conspiracy to commit a crime?


California, United States of America

What arguments have been made on appeal regarding the denial of a motion for clarification and request for a jury trial?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a plaintiff in a civil case be able to rely on the courts to enforce their own constitutional rights?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there substantial evidence supporting the jury's finding that defendant committed first degree attempted murder?


California, United States of America

What is the test for probable cause in a possession of a firearm?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a claim that a sting operation conducted by the federal government violated a defendant's Fifth Amendment due process?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the preponderance of the evidence standard and what is the clear and convincing evidence standard?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a defendant's decision not to contest all elements of a criminal charge not tantamount to a concession?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on "voluntary and spontaneous statements" in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of the term "the same occasion" and what are the "operative facts" used to determine whether a defendant has committed the same crime on the same occasion?


California, United States of America

Does the Eighth Amendment (e.g. proportionality) apply to sentences for assault with intent to harm the mental health of the mentally ill?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a plaintiff to be entitled to a right to exercise his constitutional right?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on loss of earning capacity when assessing capital asset versus earnings?


British Columbia, Canada

Does rheumatoid arthritis affect future earnings?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the appellate court's duty of determining reasonableness in a search and seizure case?


California, United States of America

In the context of the Second Amendment, what is the impact of the First Amendment on human rights abuses?


California, United States of America

Can a motion to dismiss dispose of claims in a federal habeas corpus proceeding on procedural grounds?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a reasonable likelihood of a fair trial in this case?


California, United States of America

What are the relevant factors for a motion to reinstate counsel mid-trial?


California, United States of America

What is the test for proving a will in a different country?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a defendant be found guilty of burglary by showing evidence of unlawful entry, flight from the scene and failure to provide a plausible reason for being on the premises?


California, United States of America

What is the purpose of section 8 of the Charter and what is the scope of the search and seizure?


British Columbia, Canada

When reviewing a judgment dismissing a complaint after the granting of a demurrer without leave to amend, does the court have to assume the truth of the complaint?


California, United States of America

What is sufficient to encumber the liquid assets of a business such that their use for a purpose other than paying withholding taxes will not be considered a "willful" failure to pay those taxes?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for re-examining evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the review standard of simple rationality?


New Brunswick, Canada

How have instructions been interpreted by juries in a personal injury trial?


California, United States of America

What are the elements necessary to establish an agreed boundary?


California, United States of America

What is the evidence supporting a jury finding that defendant inflicted injuries sustained by J.W as a result of sexual abuse?


California, United States of America

What is the test for corroboration in a search warrant application?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a trust claim to assets in a common law relationship?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for establishing a parental relationship between a step-parent and her biological parent?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for interpreting a commercial contract?


Ontario, Canada

What is the legal test for giving jury instructions on a lesser included crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a balance of convenience in the favour of an applicant?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for respecting a separation agreement made by a husband and wife on division of their property?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for defining reasonable doubt?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a defendant who lacks malice in a murder case?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will the Court allow the prosecutor to amend the charge to include the intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm?


California, United States of America

What is the applicable time for a taxpayer to claim a refund or credit on a tax return?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for negligent infliction of emotional distress?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What rights does a defendant have in cross-examination?


California, United States of America

Does the construction of an unsightly structure and the blocking of views support an action in nuisance?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a solicitor entitled to a fee based upon the client’s position and interest in the action?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for finding a material change in the circumstances of a child under the Divorce Act?


New Brunswick, Canada

What are the reasons used by the Court in determining an appeal?


Alberta, Canada

In what circumstances will the court dismiss a motion to suppress evidence arising from a consensual sexual encounter?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the effect of a prior order denying the relator's petition for a writ of habeas corpus?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for acquitting a defendant in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

Can a prosecutor cross-examine the credibility of a defendant's testimony?


California, United States of America

Does the "rule of reason" test apply to review for abuse of power?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the delay for a complex fraud case?


Nova Scotia, Canada

How is the length of delay determined in determining a claim?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the Sixth Amendment's right of confrontation apply to probation violation hearings?


California, United States of America

What is the principle of limitation periods on disability insurance claims?


British Columbia, Canada

How have courts dealt with a motion to strike under the anti-SLAPP statute?


California, United States of America

What is the test for prejudicial evidence in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

Does the statute of fraud begin to run at the death of the promisor?


California, United States of America

Can a payor impute income under Section 19 of the Child Support Guidelines?


Ontario, Canada

How is an award for attorney's fees reviewed in the context of abuse of discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a motion to strike a jury notice be struck during the pandemic?


Ontario, Canada

Is a defendant's use of heroin admissible to prove his knowledge of its narcotic character?


California, United States of America

What is the test for non-compliance of Rules 1(8)?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for an allegation of intentional deception?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for waivering the Miranda rights?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for a plaintiff to challenge their jury instructions?


California, United States of America

What is the scope of an application to amend the pleadings?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the elements of a securities fraud claim?


California, United States of America

Is the exclusionary rule enforceable in the context of civil cases?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law for cyclists in Canada?


British Columbia, Canada

When is a brief stop of a suspicious individual most reasonable?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will police officers be permitted to enter a private marijuana garden?


California, United States of America

How has section 177.5 of the California Code of Civil Procedure been interpreted?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining when a cause of action accrues?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the difference between second degree murder and manslaughter?


California, United States of America

Is it reasonable for the respondent to refuse to accept an application to remove the applicant's husband's travel documents?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Can a prosecutor's line of questioning in a sexual assault case be struck from the record?


California, United States of America

What is the test for finding a mother guilty of contempt in a contempt motion involving a 2002 divorce order?


Ontario, Canada

Can a director or officer be held personally liable to rectify corporate oppression?


Ontario, Canada

Does the law need to be unambiguous to overcome qualified immunity?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can the actual killer be held liable as an accessory on the theory that he encouraged the murder victim to commit the crime after he had committed the crime?


California, United States of America

Does accepting an arbitration award waive that party's right to appeal the award?


California, United States of America

Does a civilian who makes a complaint to the police or furnishes information to law enforcement authorities have to be held liable for false arrest or malicious prosecution?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a single error in a trial is prejudicial to a defendant?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a criminal threat be used to support a charge of assault?


California, United States of America

What is the test for “buyer beware” in a private sale of a dirt bike?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for determining need in a long-term relationship?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for removing a trustee from a trust?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the grounds of appeal against the finding that the trial judge erred by failing to consider the circumstantial evidence of impairment?


Ontario, Canada

What is the range of sentences for a man convicted of two counts of murder in the first degree?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test used to determine whether an application has a reasonable prospect of success following a summary hearing?


Ontario, Canada

What is the effect of section 781 of the California Criminal Code when dealing with a criminal offence committed in two jurisdictions?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a judicial review of an ordinance that imposes rent controls on a residential property?


California, United States of America

Does a folding knife with a fixed blade of two and one-half to three inches in length constitute a dirk or dagger?


California, United States of America

What is the test for maintaining a marriage-like relationship between a husband and wife who have lived apart for several years?


British Columbia, Canada

How do we review the facts on appeal?


California, United States of America

Is an easement less than a right to ownership?


California, United States of America

Is a default judgment set aside for abuse of discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the burden of establishing error on appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for allowing evidence of legislative papers to be introduced into evidence on appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a defendant waive his right to be present during a critical stage of the trial?


California, United States of America

Is a motor vehicle a dangerous weapon?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for reassignment of a defendant to a different judge?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a committee of members of a committee succeed in vesting an application for a vesting order?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What are the elements of a ineffective assistance claim?


California, United States of America

Does a defendant have a procedural right to a lesser included offense?


MultiRegion, United States of America

If there is a loss of earning capacity, and its value, what are the risks and benefits of continuing pain and ongoing pain?


British Columbia, Canada