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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


What is the federal statute of limitations for a personal injury action?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a plaintiff be awarded punitive damages?


British Columbia, Canada

Is it improper for a jury to single out one witness and charge how his evidence should be considered?


California, United States of America

Does section 654 of the Criminal Code bar multiple punishment for the same act or omission?


California, United States of America

What is the significance of the time at which defendant must have formed the requisite intent to be liable as an aider and abettor?


California, United States of America

What is the test for corroborating evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a prosecutor misstated the reasonable doubt standard in closing argument?


California, United States of America

What is the test for proof of past work with a school district?


British Columbia, Canada

How can a law firm be held individually liable for malpractice or breach of fiduciary duty?


California, United States of America

What is the test to determine discrimination under s. 15 of the Canadian Human Rights Code?


Saskatchewan, Canada

When will a trial court instruct the jury on the defense of unconsciousness and self-defense in a case of involuntary manslaughter?


California, United States of America

What is the appropriate sentence for an offender who has pleaded guilty to production of cannabis plants?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will the court order that a jury be instructed to consider only the evidence presented at trial and not to investigate the facts or the law?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where the medical director or medical council was 'subjectively aware' of a serious medical need and failed to respond?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a defendant entitled to replace his court-appointed attorney?


California, United States of America

Can a jury consider any factor in aggravation only if it unanimously agrees that such factor exists?


California, United States of America

Does a defendant have forfeited their section 654 claim by failing to object in the trial court?


California, United States of America

What is the test for appeal against a finding of not guilty of sexual assault in a federal civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the spousal support advisory guidelines used in variation proceedings and interim motions?


Ontario, Canada

In a dependent adult abuse case, is there sufficient evidence to convict appellant of criminal threat and criminal threat convictions?


California, United States of America

Does a party have grounds to assert error in a trial court's failure to instruct a jury to disregard and begin anew?


California, United States of America

What constitutes probable cause for a motion to dismiss a motion for civil action?


California, United States of America

What are the causes of action for shock under the rule of Dillon v. Legg?


California, United States of America

How have courts interpreted the Attorney General's interpretation of statutory law?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant liable for each unlawful sale of methamphetamine under section 654 of the California Penal Code?


California, United States of America

Under what circumstances will a defendant be convicted of a crime of violence?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the case law on value received and value survived?


British Columbia, Canada

What remedies are available to Engine Block in the case of 514.1/514?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for bias against a judge in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the value of a constructive trust in a property owned by the other party?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a society have to pay for death and sickness benefits?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of proving insufficient evidence in a motion to overturn a conviction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How have the courts interpreted the prison mailbox rule in relation to federal filing dates?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is a criminal homicide and what is a manslaughter?


California, United States of America

Is the School Safety Act unconstitutional when it is a federal crime for a person to possess a gun in a school zone?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a plaintiff have a constitutional right to testify on his own behalf?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a show cause application?


Ontario, Canada

What is the standard of review in cases where the prosecution relies mainly on circumstantial evidence?


California, United States of America

Can an employee's notice period be deducted if she has not yet resumed her search for replacement work since January 2021?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of proving a plaintiff's claim against a doctor who failed to treat her properly?


Alberta, Canada

Is a passport issued by the issuing of a passport in a foreign country conferred nationality on the person to whom it was issued?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What are the implications of class counsel’s fees?


Ontario, Canada

What is the appropriate sentencing procedure for a man convicted of assault under section 667.6, subdivision (c) of the Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the employer's burden to accommodate an employee with a disability?


California, United States of America

How has section 654 of the California Criminal Code been interpreted?


California, United States of America

In a personal injury action, in what circumstances will the trial judge award a fee for professional services rendered in this case?


California, United States of America

How have the courts dealt with a claim for declaratory relief?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an award of attorneys' fees in a domestic relations action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion for a mistrial in a criminal case where a defendant has admitted to a prior criminal record?


California, United States of America

What is the test for presence at crime scene, companionship and conduct before and after crime?


California, United States of America

Is a dependent parent entitled to a direct payment of child support costs?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for joint custody of the children?


British Columbia, Canada

Is there an ongoing need for continued protection for a child who was removed from the care of the current care giver?


Ontario, Canada

How have the courts dealt with the issue of a ballot measure that was challenged in a referendum on the same issue?


California, United States of America

What is the test for standing in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a contractual quantum meruit?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the meaning of section 4530 of the California Criminal Code when it refers to the unlawful departure of a prisoner from the limits of his custody?


California, United States of America

How is a court's determination of reasonable attorney fees reviewed?


California, United States of America

What is the test for setting aside a conviction for sexual assault?


California, United States of America

Does the Court have jurisdiction to award attorney fees and costs based on the nature of the services provided and the time involved?


California, United States of America

Does the absence of representation from the District Attorney's office invalidate the procedure in the Summons Part?


"New York", United States of America

What is the difference between policy and operational decisions?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What is the legal test for dismissing an indictment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard for establishing a prima facie case of legal malpractice?


"New York", United States of America

Is there a creditor who is not a defendant in a sheriff’s action?


Saskatchewan, Canada

Does the trial court discharge its duty to resolve the evidentiary conflicts as to whether the confessions were given under the influence of LSD?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for possession of child pornography?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for "serious medical treatment" in a criminal case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a hostile work environment claim?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is accord and satisfaction when an obligation is released by means of valuable consideration?


Alberta, Canada

What is the standard of review in the context of police misconduct cases?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for reasonableness in a construction contract?


Nunavut, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a delay is reasonable?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for questioning or limited investigation under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether an agency can be held liable in an action for non-delivery of coupons?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for a claim for prepetition attorney's fees for counsel for a debtor?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the estoppel doctrine?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the elements of the statutory elements test?


California, United States of America

What is the reason why a prosecutor objected to a jury member who was struck by a car while driving in a residential area of the crime?


California, United States of America

Is the Ontario Court of Arbitration for the Ontario Superior Court bound by statute to arbitrate claims for malpractice, breach of contract, and intentional infliction of emotional distress?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of good cause for a change of plea?


California, United States of America

What is the test for instructing the trial court on a self-defense defense?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to convict a person of trespassing in a commercial premises?


California, United States of America

Does an appellant have an obligation to search the record to find evidence supporting their claim?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making a prima facie case of disability under the Medical Vocational Grids Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a spouse entitled to an in trust award for services provided by her husband to her husband in the absence of a paid spouse?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for ineffective counsel in a verified petition for writ of habeas corpus?


California, United States of America

In a personal injury action, can the motions judge avoid a trial?


Ontario, Canada

Does a defendant have jurisdiction to execute the sentence imposed on a defendant who breached the terms of his plea agreement?


California, United States of America

How have the courts treated a suppression motion in relation to Section 702 surveillance?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the legal test for an entrapment defense where a defendant has been entrapped by a paid government informant?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does section 654 of the California Penal Code apply?


California, United States of America

Does the doctrine of fresh pursuit apply in the context of a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

Is a motion to oppose confirmation treated like an appeal?


Ontario, Canada

What is the state of the law on "admission to drug smuggling"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a publication is defamatory?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for an ex turpi causa?


Alberta, Canada

Can a promissory note be used to enforce a written contract?


California, United States of America

What is the test for weight of evidence in a witness case?


Ontario, Canada

Is pleading the legislative requirements for a transfer of interest in land benefit both parties?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for impairment of a defendant's right to prepare and present a defense?


California, United States of America

Does the absence of actual notice of a tax sale constitute fraud?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What authority exists to remove a judge from office for gross misconduct?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for establishing that a defendant was the sole cause of an injury?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a motion to suppress evidence obtained through wiretap warrants?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a car that is not a motor vehicle?


California, United States of America

What is the test for whether a confession is involuntary?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will the court reject an argument by a defendant that the evidence does not support their claim of intent to kill?


California, United States of America

How has the court treated the defense counsel's objections in closing arguments?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a third party has been found to be liable for a motor vehicle accident?


Alberta, Canada

What is the effect of a prosecutor's argument to a jury in a criminal case that the jury should consider mitigation in all mitigation evidence?


California, United States of America

What are the elements of section 186.22(b)(1) of the California Criminal Code relating to the charge of assault with intent to pervert the course of justice?


California, United States of America

Is a right to privacy violated by enforcement of public nuisance or zoning laws?


California, United States of America

Does the Defendant rely on the doctrine of possession of a firearm by the prosecution in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a court certify a class action against Toshiba of Canada for allegedly defective laptop computers?


Ontario, Canada

What is the burden of appealing against the sufficiency of evidence in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for admitting a defendant's prior conviction for abuse of discretion?


California, United States of America

What is the test for "materially advancing" an action?


Alberta, Canada

Is a mistake beyond the range of reasonable competence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for setting aside a sexual assault conviction?


California, United States of America

What is the test for intent to kill?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence in a carjacking case?


California, United States of America

Is it proper for a court on a Rule 76.07 motion for judgment to determine a genuine issue including making findings of credibility?


Ontario, Canada

What is the limit on disclosure by a party in a family law case?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a motion to suppress or suppress a search warrant issued to a defendant in a civil case?


"New York", United States of America

Is there any case law where an application has been successful in the social area of a human rights tribunal?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a probation officer to obtain a probation report from the probation office?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a plaintiff has "taken himself over the line" in a personal injury case?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a federal district court have to accept as true the factual statement of a state appellate court?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a judge leave costs in a family law matter?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for construe a pro se pleading "liberally"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a municipal sidewalk considered part of a highway?


Ontario, Canada

When will an expert not give an opinion whether a witness is telling the truth?


California, United States of America

What is the test for reviewing a sentence in a criminal case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the definition of harassment in the DVPA apply to domestic violence?


California, United States of America

Is there an established exception to the settlement privilege?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

What is the test for whether a vaccine has been approved for use in Canada?


Ontario, Canada

Is a share purchase agreement dated October 10, 1991?


Alberta, Canada

Is a defendant required to be present at a hearing?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the findings of the Court of Appeal in the case of Garay v Garay?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the factors used in determining whether a duty of care exists between parties who do not have a contractual relationship?


California, United States of America

Does a defendant have to forfeit his claim of prosecutorial misconduct for comments made by a prosecutor in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for consistency and coherence in legislation?


Alberta, Canada

Can a criminal defendant obtain confidential peace officer personnel records?


California, United States of America

What is the Anns test?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the case law regarding demeanour in a witness testimony?


Nova Scotia, Canada

How have federal courts considered federal law in a habeas case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a seizure is a seizure?


California, United States of America

Can a waiver and plea agreement be relied upon as evidence of a waiver of the right to appeal the sentence?


California, United States of America

In a medical malpractice case, in what circumstances will a physician be able to determine the cause of injury to the patient?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for declaratory relief in a personal injury action?


California, United States of America

Is a plaintiff entitled to equitable tolling of the statute of limitations?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What factors are considered to determine whether a relationship is marriage-like?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for an application to amend a pleading to amend the pleadings?


British Columbia, Canada

Are there any cases where a court has found that a finding of false imprisonment was not prejudicial and does not require reversal?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a federal court's decision to dismiss counts one and two in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for second counsel fees?


Alberta, Canada

Does a prosecutor indirectly comment on a defendant's failure to testify?


California, United States of America

Is there any ambiguity in the meaning of the word "cooperative"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a failure to argue an alternative theory not objectively unreasonable as a matter of law?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law supporting a life sentence for a convicted rapist?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the "commuted value methodology" used to calculate pension losses?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for admissibility and weight of evidence in a family law case?


British Columbia, Canada

Is an attempted murder a lesser included crime of any completed crime?


California, United States of America

Does Defendant have to provide a compelling argument that there could be no satisfactory explanation for trial counsel's failure to request admonitions?


California, United States of America

What is the scope of an extradition application under s. 18(7) of the Criminal Code of Canada for refusing to comply with a court order?


British Columbia, Canada

Is evidence of the making of a declaration not hearsay?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law in which a person can be held liable for the torturing of a person by their own guards?


Canada (Federal), Canada

In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress following an evidentiary hearing, will the finding be erroneous?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the double costs awarded to a defendant using an offer to settle procedure?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on traumatic stress disorder at the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Tribunal?


British Columbia, Canada

In the context of the Anekwu case, is there any need for information on how Canadian evidence was obtained?


British Columbia, Canada

Can an employee who is wrongfully dismissed from his job sue for his salary or wages?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on impeachments?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing that a transaction in which a borrower is not a lender but a lender?


California, United States of America

Does the Attorney General's claim that defendant forfeited the issue on appeal because defendant made no effort to correct the court's misperception and press for a ruling?


California, United States of America

Can standing be considered as a preliminary matter?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the impact of newly discovered impeachment evidence on a witness's testimony?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a jury reasonably infer that a defendant was present at the scene of a burglary?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances have courts interpreted the words "public lands" in a treaty?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to convert a felony conviction into a misdemeanor?


California, United States of America

Can a stranger to the trust be held personally liable for breach of trust?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the relevant issue in custody and access matters?


Ontario, Canada

Does a prior conviction of assault on a police officer have to be struck from the record?


California, United States of America

Does the Summers rule apply to arrest warrants?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the elements of the crime of stalking?


California, United States of America

What is the test for consent?


Alberta, Canada

Is there any case law where a plaintiff has been successful in an assessment where the evidence is imprecision?


British Columbia, Canada

Does Boudreault have to apply for a licence to drive in Canada?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a collective agreement have to be interpreted as binding or binding?


Saskatchewan, Canada

Can a court abuse its discretion by applying an erroneous legal standard or by making a ruling unsupported by substantial evidence?


California, United States of America

Is an order for repayment incidental to the hearing and determination of the matters decided on this appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for deliberate indifference in the context of medical malpractice cases?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a plaintiff to bring an action for delayed medical diagnosis and treatment?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a direct appeal of an order dismissing an action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for punitive damages in civil law?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for re-examining the credibility of the witnesses in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

How does the exacting scrutiny standard apply to a disclosure or disclaimer requirement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a prosecution witness falsely deny the existence of a leniency agreement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a motion of no evidence in a personal injury action brought by a plaintiff who was injured on a Defendant homeowner's property?


British Columbia, Canada