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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


What is the test for obtaining information that can be used in a criminal case?


"New York", United States of America

Is a plan included in the description of land conveyed in a grant?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a waiver form be used to determine whether a defendant has entered a guilty plea?


California, United States of America

What is the test for substantial evidence in criminal cases?


California, United States of America

Can a jury be unanimous in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the effect of showing only one photo of the accused in a photo lineup?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the impact of improper comments made by a prosecutor in his closing rebuttal to a jury trial?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a plaintiff required to produce a list of phrases, passages or situations that she claims were pirated or copied in the motion picture version?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for limiting or excluding evidence in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the case law in Canada dealing with conditional sentences for possession of marijuana?


Alberta, Canada

What are the requirements for a coercion or duress defense in a domestic violence case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the impact of plea bargaining in juvenile criminal proceedings?


California, United States of America

Does the concept of misnomer apply to substitution of a party to litigation?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel?


California, United States of America

Is an insider liable for an action brought by a third party?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining reasonable attorney fees in a personal injury case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How is income from a business that is owned by the husband divided between the husband and wife?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant's age a mitigating factor in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is a satisfactory excuse for not presenting a defense?


California, United States of America

What is the standard for determining whether the evidence is sufficient to convict a defendant?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a preliminary inquiry judge to call upon an accused to plead to an absolute jurisdiction or summary conviction offence?


Ontario, Canada

Is there a duty of care owed to a child when there is no relationship between the child and the adult carer?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will the court allow a plaintiff to exclude from evidence a photograph of the accident scene?


California, United States of America

When will a defendant's absence from a restitution hearing be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant be ordered to serve all or part of his supervised release term?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a plaintiff is a permanent employee or a temporary employee of a company that has acquired a property interest sufficient for a hearing?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In a personal injury case, can a defendant appeal against the judgment against him in an appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test for qualified testimony in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What evidence does the court have to support a claim for possession of stolen property?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making a declaration of intent against a party to a party in a criminal conspiracy?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How has the court interpreted the meaning of the phrase “adequate, just and equitable” in the context of the maintenance of the spouse's children?


British Columbia, Canada

Is life imprisonment a cruel and unusual penalty?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for ineffective assistance of counsel?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law that supports the argument that Arroyas is a "serious" crime for future enhancement purposes?


California, United States of America

Does the failure of counsel or the court to explain this defense constitute harmless error?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the effect of a prosecutor's analogy for premeditation and deliberation in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

In a personal injury action, is plaintiff permitted to refer to a prior pleading in order to make a supplemental complaint complete?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for making a materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a warrantless search and seizure involving abandoned property?


California, United States of America

What are some examples of prosecutorial error in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an intention to abandon a property?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What constitutes substantial evidence in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Is a burglary committed in the perpetration of a burglary a murder of the first degree?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining the character of a person’s actions?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a defendant is mentally competent at a preliminary hearing?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to determine whether a plaintiff was injured in a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test for a motion to suppress or set aside search and seizure evidence at a preliminary hearing?


California, United States of America

What is the test for the presumption that a juvenile offender is a "rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption"?


California, United States of America

What is the legal basis for a motion to dismiss an application for common law relief?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for deliberation in a murder case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for good faith on the part of the arresting officer?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for returning an engagement ring?


British Columbia, Canada

How much notice is a 46 year old supervisor entitled to when he is dismissed?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for constructive trust in common law provinces?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for a search warrant that refers to illegal activity?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether the activities of employees at Pearson are subject to OHSA?


Ontario, Canada

Can contribution be sought where the other tortfeasor is either joint or concurrent?


Alberta, Canada

What is the limitation period for a claim for breach of fiduciary duty?


British Columbia, Canada

Does section 654, subdivision (a) of the California Criminal Code apply to stay a sentence imposed for a violation of a restraining order?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of care required of a trustee in administering an estate?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for abuse of discretion in a motion for employment discrimination?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on cross-examining in criminal cases?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the government's burden in ineffective assistance cases?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is a palpable error or palpable error?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on permissive inference?


California, United States of America

Can a deliberative body continue to hear a matter if one member ceases to attend?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for a trial judge to determine the outcome of a motor vehicle accident?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the burden of proof against the prosecution in the case of a stop and search?


California, United States of America

What is the meaning of "aiding and abetting"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for admitting prejudicial evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for overturning a finding of not guilty on a motion of appeal?


California, United States of America

Is there a fiduciary relationship between the borrower and the lender?


California, United States of America

What is the test for premeditation and deliberation in a murder case?


California, United States of America

Does a husband have equal protection of the laws under section 6650 of the Welfare and Institutions Code if he pays for the support of his incompetent wife in a state institution?


California, United States of America

Can post-crime conduct be considered only to support a finding of guilt?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a state law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can an adjudicator extend or waive the time limit for filing an appeal?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What factors will be considered by the Court of Appeal in determining whether to exercise discretionary authority?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for establishing prima facie evidence under section 969b of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

Does a party have to request statutory attorney's fees as damages in a motion or answer?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury in a motor vehicle case where a defendant is accused of tampering with a vehicle?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim of prosecutorial misconduct?


California, United States of America

What is the test for voluntary absence in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Is a probationer's probation order designed to deter or discover criminal conduct and/or deterring or discovering subsequent criminal offenses?


California, United States of America

Can a police officer's decision to lift print be reviewed by a court?


California, United States of America

Does section 2932.5 of the California Real Estate Code apply to a deed of trust?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion for a retrial based on newly discovered evidence?


California, United States of America

Is providing medical care and healthcare related services a violation of the anti-SLAPP motion?


California, United States of America

Does the concept of unanimity apply to a defendant's motive for committing a crime or the theory underlying the crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant is eligible for probation under section 1203.066 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What are the elements of a securities fraud case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a majority shareholder's interest in Page 19 need to be valued as a "going concern"?


California, United States of America

What is the test for circumstantial evidence in a murder case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to vacate a conviction for murder in the second degree?


"New York", United States of America

What is the employer's position on a bargaining agent's assertion that the essence of the grievance involves issues other than those expressed on its face?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Can a mistake be found to be a cause of hostile possession?


California, United States of America

What are the meaning of "receivable but received" in the context of a royalty agreement?


British Columbia, Canada

Does defense counsel consent to the court's response to the jury's question?


California, United States of America

What is the proper approach to determining a jury's verdict in a motor vehicle accident case?


Ontario, Canada

When will a judge award post-judgment interest in a race discrimination case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of disclosure required by a physician to obtain consent from a patient?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for asserting privilege in a witness testimony?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to compel a defendant to undergo a psychiatric examination?


British Columbia, Canada

How have the courts treated the evidence in defence of the case of the Attorney General's defence in the context of the Court of Appeal?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is it in the public interest to accept a complaint?


British Columbia, Canada

How have courts interpreted the doctrine of ambiguity in the context of a personal injury claim?


California, United States of America

What is the test for subjecting another person to deprivation of their constitutional right?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to delay a plaintiff's claim under the Rules of Civil Procedure?


Manitoba, Canada

What is the current state of the law in relation to the treatment of a prisoner in prison?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for retroactive child support awards?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for establishing that a trial court has the power to fix any reasonable sum?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of proving that an employer has a legitimate, non-discriminatory motive for its actions?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for "an adventure in the nature of trade"?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What are the factors used by defendants in a motor vehicle accident case?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of care for a physician?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What is the test for giving a witness an inconsistent statement?


California, United States of America

Is there a duty to inform the jury that they must follow the law?


California, United States of America

Does "use" include activities relating to maintenance?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances have courts found there to be conspiracy between two men who sold counterfeit bills to a third party?


California, United States of America

Does an order made pursuant to rule 9-7(15) of the Rules of Appeal Rule 2.1 require leave to appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the retroactive nature of an award for spousal support?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for establishing loss of earning capacity?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the legal test for a pro se litigant seeking to amend or amend their complaint?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a trial court apportion liability for attorney fees among non-prevailing parties?


California, United States of America

Does the use of a trained canine at Fort Lauderdale Airport constitute an illegal search?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a memorandum of intent to purchase a property sufficient to meet the purchase price?


Ontario, Canada

Does a request to have tape recording devices turned off automatically support that a defendant waived his Miranda right?


California, United States of America

What is the difference between intent and motive in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an indemnity clause in a commercial lease agreement?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for whether a person's facial expression is expressive enough to trigger First Amendment analysis?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for warrantless search and seizure?


Nova Scotia, Canada

Is a search warrant necessary to search the trunk of a car?


California, United States of America

Is a sentence that is grossly disproportionate to the crime a cruel or unusual punishment for the purposes of the Eighth Amendment?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant be convicted of two counts of murder and a substantive gang crime based upon the very same act of aiding and abetting?


California, United States of America

Can a union’s conduct be deemed arbitrary if it only superficially considers the facts and or merits of the grievance?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the test for a motion to suppress evidence?


California, United States of America

What reversible error test must apply to a failure to instruct concerning a single element of an offense in this case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an anti-SLAPP motion?


California, United States of America

What is a stipulation in a civil action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to convict a defendant of murder by means of lying in wait?


California, United States of America

What is the test for calculating attorney fees?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant's error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of assisting a defendant in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the test used to determine whether a father can refuse to respond to a claim for child support?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the doctrine of estoppel apply in a personal injury action brought by a plaintiff who suffered from interspousal disability?


California, United States of America

What is the limitation period defence in a motion brought and adjudicated under Rule 21.01(1)(a)?


Ontario, Canada

Does a court have to go beyond inference and into the realm of speculation to find support for a judgment?


California, United States of America

How has the court considered substantial funds available to a severely disabled adult in being satisfied that the table amount of child support was inappropriate?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Does an employer have an obligation under a collective bargaining agreement to resort to intraunion appellate procedures?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the effect of an application by the Minister of Community Services for permanent care and custody without providing access to the Respondent mother?


Nova Scotia, Canada

Can a diocese be found in breach of fiduciary duty when an assistant priest engaged in sexual relations with a parishioner while counselling and advising her on personal matters?


British Columbia, Canada

In assessing under section 2254(d)(1) whether the legal conclusion of a state court was contrary to or an unreasonable application of federal law, what is the test for reviewing a state decision?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the state of the law on the doctrine of self-defense in a murder case?


California, United States of America

What are the terms of a sealing order?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for whether a specific intent crime is a criminal act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the impact of the absence of an accurate medical and factual history in assessing causation?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the relevant causes of action for fraud and negligent misrepresentation?


California, United States of America

Is there "no real possibility" that the insured can be held liable for damages when an action is frivolous or meritless?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a plaintiff entitled to compensation for the impairment he sustained in a motor vehicle accident?


Yukon, Canada

Is section 672 of the California Criminal Code a "catchall provision" allowing a fine to be imposed for every crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for novation in a mortgage?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for denying a defendant's right to plead guilty to a charge of perverting the course of justice?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant's guilty plea based on competent attorney representation distinguishable?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for an award of attorney's fees and costs under section 271 of the California Family Law Code?


California, United States of America

Does a fiduciary have an obligation to employ a testator's son-in-law in the family business?


"New York", United States of America

Is a defendant's admission of an alleged enhancement valid even if it does not include specific admissions of every factual element required to establish the enhancement?


California, United States of America

Does the principle of non-disclosure of matters affecting a professional partnership apply?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the legal test for error in failing to instruct the jury on the elements of possession?


California, United States of America

Is a course of conduct in which a robbery and an attempted voluntary manslaughter conviction are indivisible for purposes of section 654 of the Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

Is this claim for declaratory relief under section 10(1) of the CRTA?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a personal injury liability arising out of a motor vehicle accident be discharged under the provisions of Section 11(1) of the Bankruptcy Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes prosecutorial misconduct in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a plaintiff can only prove cause and contribution to the injury?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the evidentiary burden of an application under Rule 9-6?


British Columbia, Canada

Can a certified law student represent a defendant in a personal injury action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing that a property is a monument to a railway easement?


California, United States of America

Is silent video surveillance regulated by statute or is it subject to the Fourth Amendment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for privacy to resist production?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the issues to be determined on an application for summary determination under Rule 18A?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for obtaining a search warrant for an assault rifle?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to discharge a retained attorney?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test required by the state to convict a defendant of a felony murder?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant waive his right to appeal his conviction and sentence under Section 2255 of the Criminal Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How does the Court of Appeal review a restraining order issued under section 527.6?


California, United States of America

What is the test for insufficiency of evidence in a motion to overturn a conviction for sexual assault?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law based on a claim that the Superior Court of Ontario Superior Court has jurisdiction to hear an action brought by a husband against his wife?


California, United States of America

What is the test for Section 654 of the California Criminal Code when a defendant is found guilty of a breach of section 654 or section 744 of the Code of Civil Procedure?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances must a financial institution be federally chartered or federally insured?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a fiduciary duty to disclose one's motives in a securities transaction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a tort action brought against the Federal Trade Commission for failing to protect a mailman from a shooting?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for undue hardship in a family law case?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What is the effect of section 669 of the Criminal Code Code requiring a sentence be imposed on an offense for which defendant was originally granted probation so that there is the possibility of serving the sentence concurrently?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a cause of action against a hospital?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant make a suppression motion at a preliminary hearing without providing written or oral notice of motion?


California, United States of America

What is the scope of a restraining order under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act?


California, United States of America

What is the best interests of the children and what is the effect of interim relief?


Alberta, Canada

Can an appeal be dismissed because of an administrative error?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the legal test for a motion to strike in a professional engineering union?


Ontario, Canada

Is consent obtained by police officers obtained through subterfuge and fraud?


California, United States of America

Does the proportionality principle apply to a certification motion?


Ontario, Canada