California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Littleton, 101 Cal.Rptr. 489, 25 Cal.App.3d 96 (Cal. App. 1972):
The Attorney General claims that any conflict of interest between Littleton and the co-defendants was speculative. We disagree. Littleton throughout the trial was in an entirely different position than his two co-defendants. He could only be held liable as a principal on the theory that he aided and abetted the burglary. While he undoubtedly aided his co-defendants, there was certainly a substantial question of fact whether he abetted, a term which includes knowledge of the wrongful purpose of his co-defendants. (People v. Dole, 122 Cal. 486, 492, 55 P. 581.)
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