Alexi purple

Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


What is the test for a "leave to amend" section of the Civil Code of Civil Procedure?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a search where the police have to wait 30 seconds to search a house?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a judicial decision making retroactive effect?


California, United States of America

Does a victim advocate influence the testimony of a witness?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim under section 815.6 of the California Tort Claims Act?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes a "Rules breach" in a personal injury case?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for severing a trial of a defendant who contends that a co-defendant would offer exculpatory testimony at a separate trial?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a motor vehicle be removed from a public street?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for establishing that a person can be remotely remote?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes "physical contact" with a federal officer?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How have the courts treated the nonstatutory aggravating factor in determining that a defendant's remorse was not sincere at the penalty phase?


California, United States of America

Does plaintiff have to include ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his federal habeas petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on "knowingly" mailing a communication that contains any threat to kidnap or injure the addressee?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the statute of limitations for an action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for dismissing a motion to dismiss an action on the grounds that the pleadings are fictitious or sham?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing probable cause under a search warrant?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a defendant be held liable for the murder of a police officer who was shot by a defendant who was carrying nitroglycerin?


California, United States of America

What is the test for providing expert testimony in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

Does TransUnion have the ability to recover damages from a data breach?


Ontario, Canada

What is the effect of a plea of no contest on a charge of assault with intent to pervert the course of justice?


California, United States of America

Is the statute of limitations a ground for objection to a complaint?


California, United States of America

What is the burden on the party offering the evidence in a chain of custody claim?


California, United States of America

What is the test for discharge of a debt under Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Ontario Bankruptcy and Insolvency Code?


federal, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to determine whether a plaintiff has qualified immunity from prosecution under the doctrine of qualified immunity?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a defendant is liable for murder when the actus reus and mens rea elements of murder are satisfied?


California, United States of America

How have the courts interpreted the meaning of "commercial custom" in the context of a contract between the government and a bank?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Is a failure to instruct a jury on a defense theory harmless?


California, United States of America

In a civil case brought by former Costa Mesa Police Officer and Parole Board member John Sisson, who alleges excessive force, dishonesty and fabrication of evidence, is he seeking discovery of records relating to allegations of excessive force?


California, United States of America

What is the test for imputing income on the basis of under employment or unemployment?


Ontario, Canada

How have courts interpreted the meaning of the word "litigant" in the context of the question?


Canada (Federal), Canada

In what circumstances will a court award sanctions for abuse of discretion in a search warrant application?


California, United States of America

What is the limitation on a cause of action for breach of implied contract?


California, United States of America

In a custody dispute, can one parent ignore the other's advice about self-isolating?


Ontario, Canada

What factors are considered in determining whether a criminal investigation has been improperly conducted?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the impact of a district court's decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim for abuse of discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the difference between primary breaches of natural justice and other breaches?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a 21-day turnaround in a motor vehicle application?


British Columbia, Canada

In what circumstances will an employee be able to sue her employer for emotional distress?


California, United States of America

Does the failure of the claimant to disclose when the October Order was served on the Respondent is a cause for concern?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a "reasonably contemplated" action?


British Columbia, Canada

Does Section 459 of the Penal Code extend to some misdemeanor theft crimes?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on the rational relation test for freedom of choice?


California, United States of America

When does attorney-client privilege apply to a trust?


California, United States of America

Is it a crime to "attempt to deter or prevent an executive officer from performing any duty imposed upon such officer by law"?


California, United States of America

What is the test for discrimination in the context of specialized transit?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a motion to dismiss a pro se complaint?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for drafting a pro se petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a fear of heights a disability?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a probation officer have the authority to restrict a defendant's choice of home?


California, United States of America

What is the proper venue for a breach of contract action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an equal protection claim?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for admitting or denying polygraph-related evidence?


California, United States of America

What if the court had called three jurors into the courtroom, given them an admonition, and sent them back to the jury room?


California, United States of America

Does the Attorney General have any authority to impose concurrent sentences on counts 9 and 10?


California, United States of America

When will a motion be heard in the Superior Court of Justice seeking remand to the Court of Appeal?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the Arbitrator have to "explicitly address all possible shades of meaning" of contested provisions in their reasons?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for exhaustion in a motion for habeas corpus relief?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a district court to deny a motion to amend the constitution when amendment is futile?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the legal test for discovery of a person who has been found guilty of a criminal offence in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for circumstantial evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

Does a motion to amend or amend the cause of action start with issuance?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a judge have to forcibly interrupt a prosecutor's response to a peremptory motion?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on the assessment of medical evidence?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for appellate review of a motion where the issue is before the Court of Appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for retroactive child support?


British Columbia, Canada

What factors are considered in determining whether a criminal enterprise was entrapped by the federal government?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is Rule 11 violation of Rule 11 harmless if the court fails to mention the possibility of restitution?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the revival of corporate powers retroactively invalidate procedural steps taken on behalf of the corporation in the prosecution or defense of a lawsuit while the corporation was under suspension?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether or not a police action is justified?


"New York", United States of America

Does the Guidelines amount apply to children who live away from home for part of the year attending post-secondary education?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the late filing of an expert report under the BCSC's Disjunctive Expert Report Rule permit late filing?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for a claim of insufficient evidence to convict a defendant of gang participation?


California, United States of America

What is the test for reasonable suspicion in a defamation case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion to suppress evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of a "natural and probable consequence" in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

Can a civil rights action against the police officers who arrested and charged appellant for the state charges for which he now stands?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an award of attorney's fees on appeal?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there any case law where a motion judge concluded that a class action plan is vague and incomplete and will soon become unmanageable?


Ontario, Canada

Does plaintiff have to prove that the disclosure of his medical condition prevented him exercising his right under the FMLA?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a de facto arrest under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion for writ of habeas corpus?


California, United States of America

What is the test for "predisposition" under Rule 404(b)?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the basis for a finding of flagrant disregard for the purpose of obtaining a warrant to conduct surveillance of a witness?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the impact of having a defense expert who disagreed with a diagnosis of pedophilia?


California, United States of America

In reviewing a search conducted pursuant to a warrant, what is the test for probable cause?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a jury to find that a shooting during a robbery was not incidental to the robbery?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a prosecutor be required to produce a standard instruction on the meaning of the word "murder" and "manslaughter" on Page 11 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for an appeal from a decision of a judge?


Ontario, Canada

What is the impact of a plaintiff's failure to attend for medical treatment?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the liability of an owner of a motor vehicle for damages resulting from a negligent operation by others?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of proving falsity under federal law?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does section 189 of the California Criminal Code apply to a defendant who discharges a firearm from a motor vehicle?


California, United States of America

What is the definition of a "detention" under section 19 of the Charter?


Ontario, Canada

Is a jury instruction misstated the elements of a statutory crime?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is an exclusionary clause in a representation actionable where there is an honest statement of opinion?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a criminal defendant has no interest in a specific term of imprisonment?


California, United States of America

What are some of the opinions of former US Supreme Court Justice Powell on whether a reasonable investigative stop does not offend the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for apportioning costs under Rule 57(15)?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the next step in determining whether a left turning driver acted with reasonable care in the circumstances?


British Columbia, Canada

Does Section 667.5, subdivision (b) of the Ontario Criminal Code apply retroactively to appellant?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of a non-constitutional error on a plaintiff's ability to sue for damages?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for overturning a conviction based on insufficient evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for dismissing a motion to dismiss an in propria persona appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in McClellan L.J. on immigration issues?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for asking an arbitrator for private communications?


Ontario, Canada

In what circumstances will a plaintiff be able to claim damages for negligence against a doctor?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the range of sentences for a defendant convicted of attempted murder under section 12022.53 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

How is credibility determined in a sexual assault trial?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for reversal of a judgment in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining if a plaintiff is entitled to an award of up to $200,000 in damages?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a joint venture exist where there is a right of joint control of the business?


California, United States of America

Is a police officer's post-interrogation report valid for the purpose of recording a defendant's statements?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a witness has been found to have given the wrong testimony?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard of review applicable to a dispute under the California Environment Protection Act?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances have courts allowed a defendant to plead no defense when he shot and killed a pedestrian during a robbery?


California, United States of America

Is bad faith damages awarded against a city employee who was terminated while she was on sick leave?


Ontario, Canada

Does substantial evidence support the jury's conviction under a theory that defendant committed the murder by lying in wait?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing federal jurisdiction in a personal injury case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the difference between a share certificate and a deed of title?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the difference between loss of jurisdiction over the person and over the offence?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the burden of proof for a "settle and sue" legal malpractice action?


California, United States of America

What is the current state law governing a public employee's challenge to the degree of punishment imposed by a public agency due to employee misconduct?


California, United States of America

Can a motion to dismiss be dismissed on the basis of vindictive prosecution before trial?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a jury was instructed to convict a defendant of possessing an assault weapon?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a plaintiff be entitled to an award for happiness as a result of his long-term disability?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the relevant case law in the context of sexual assault cases?


California, United States of America

Is an employee who is wrongfully terminated entitled to an equal compensation claim?


Ontario, Canada

What is the appropriate interest rate for a lump sum of cash in a personal injury bankruptcy?


federal, United States of America

Would an investigation, an instruction or argument regarding voluntary intoxication affect appellant's conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon?


California, United States of America

Is there good cause to review the file of an off-duty police officer?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law regarding the admissibility of testimony from a five year old?


Alberta, Canada

Are fees and expenses reasonable and necessary?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can an accomplice be held liable as an aider and abettor in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for Section 654 of the California Penal Code on multiple violations of the same law?


California, United States of America

What is the test for producing copies of a plaintiff's Facebook page?


Ontario, Canada

Can a defendant be convicted of assault with intent to commit murder in violation of sections 664 and 187 of the Penal Code?


California, United States of America

Is appellant liable as a result of the Attorney General's argument that appellant acted as an aider and abettor?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of a brother's educational background on the earning capacity of a plaintiff?


Ontario, Canada

Does a plaintiff have to comply with Section 1608(e) of the Civil Code of Civil Procedure when proceeding under Section 1610(g)?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for exclusion of evidence in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether to set aside a forfeiture for a fugitive who absconded from a federal prison?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the consequences of a conviction for assault with intent to murder?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant bring a motion to suppress his confession on the grounds that it was obtained in violation of Miranda?


California, United States of America

How have courts dealt with the issue of bias in denying a motion for a third strike?


California, United States of America

What is the test for premeditation and deliberation in a murder case?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant be punished for more than one act under section 654 of the California Criminal Code?


California, United States of America

What is the test an employer must meet to be justified in dismissing an employee on the grounds of dishonesty?


British Columbia, Canada

Can an appellant argue on appeal that his performance on probation was unsatisfactory because his failure to appear for jail commitment was due to hospitalization?


California, United States of America

Does section 22 (2) (c) of the Child Support Guidelines apply where the child has lived with grandparents in Ecuador for 2 and one half years?


Ontario, Canada

Is a person seeking habeas corpus relief from a judgment of death entitled to discovery in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

Is there any case law where a police officer allowed defendant to enter into an illicit business in which he was already engaged?


California, United States of America

Does "willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property" constitute a dangerous dangerous felony supporting a murder conviction under second degree felony-murder rule?


California, United States of America

How have courts interpreted the "right of counsel" and what are the implications of this?


California, United States of America

What is the test for admitting sexual intercourse with the applicant at or near the time calculated to be the point of conception?


Ontario, Canada

Does a prosecutor's unobjected-to comment during closing argument during a criminal trial misstate the law or the facts?


California, United States of America

What is the test for interpreting a prospective section of a statute?


"New York", United States of America

On appeal from the bankruptcy court de novo, what is the standard of review?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for overturning a verdict for jury misconduct or irregularity?


California, United States of America

Is a federal court permitted to address issues of subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte at any stage of the litigation?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there any case law where a juror in a civil case was allegedly heard telling another juror that they had made up their minds already?


California, United States of America

Can a prison official be held liable for injuries sustained by an inmate as a result of unsafe conditions of confinement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a jury's finding on a felony-murder special-circumstance allegation based on erroneous instruction that a jury would not have convicted appellant of second degree murder if the jury had been given the same instruction?


California, United States of America

Is criminal negligence an element of the crime of inflicting unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering on a child?


California, United States of America

What is the impact of agency work performed by a solicitor on a party-and-party costs claim?


Canada (Federal), Canada

When will a party be required to produce an affidavit of documents?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the prosecution have to avoid using relevant, persuasive evidence to prove an element of a crime because that element might also be established through other evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making a settlement offer in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

Is it too late on an application to confirm a sale to apply for further time to redeem?


Saskatchewan, Canada

Does a failure to file a notice of appeal result in the forfeiture of a defendant's bond?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion be denied?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is there a statutory requirement that the "set fine" amount appear on the certificate of offence?


Ontario, Canada

Does the withholding of documents constitute “rule of law” in English legislation?


Saskatchewan, Canada

What is a defendant's right to retain counsel of his own?


California, United States of America

Can damages be assessed on an aggregate basis in an overtime claim?


Ontario, Canada

What is the meaning of the word scandalous, frivolous and vexatious?


Ontario, Canada

Does a criminal defendant who pleads guilty to a charge of sexual assault waive three constitutional rights?


California, United States of America

Can a defendant withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing?


MultiRegion, United States of America

If a proper initial study has been conducted, does the standard of review shift to a de novo review of whether an EIR was required?


California, United States of America

What are the elements of a first degree burglary?


California, United States of America

What is privileged material that passes between a lawyer and a client?


Nova Scotia, Canada

How have the courts interpreted the Miranda rights of an undercover officer?


California, United States of America

What standard of review applies to a minor clarification to a deliberating jury?


California, United States of America

Does a jury have a constitutional obligation to instruct the jury that before they convict a defendant of a liquor store robbery they must agree unanimously that he committed the crime?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence?


California, United States of America

How is an expert permitted to assist the jury in understanding a gang member's motive in shooting or committing a crime?


California, United States of America

Can a third party be added to a claim for subrogated rights?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for establishing a prima facie case of disparate treatment?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for demurrer in a personal injury action?


California, United States of America

What is the purpose of the contempt power?


British Columbia, Canada

What constitutes substantial evidence when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review of an order of a master refusing to allow a party to be added?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for a party to appeal against a decision by the Court of Appeal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for failing to provide a reasonable probability that defendant would have obtained a more favourable result if counsel had failed to provide counsel with reasonable counsel?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for a court's failure to instruct on lesser included offenses of battery or aggravated battery?


California, United States of America

What factors must be considered when assessing eyewitness identification in a sexual assault case?


Manitoba, Canada

Can an employer unilaterally impose a cap on bonus payments where there has never been a cap?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for filing a supplemental brief in a personal injury appeal?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on whether a written statement obtained from appellant without the presence of counsel is a violation of his Miranda rights?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the objective component of an ITO and what is the subjective component?


New Brunswick, Canada

How have courts dealt with a defendant's claim that he did not understand the contents of an advisement and waiver of rights form?


California, United States of America