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Alexi provides high-quality answers to complex legal questions in memo format for lawyers. Below you can see a collection of sample excerpts from just some of the thousands of research memos we produce.


Does the evidentiary threshold required under section 36(a) of the Ontario Criminal Code need to be increased?


California, United States of America

Can the prosecution voluntarily produce all documents for the defense?


California, United States of America

What is the date of a federal habeas petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for indemnification under section 317 of the California Corporations Act?


California, United States of America

What is reasonable expectation that a defendant will respond to a motion to certify a class action?


Ontario, Canada

What is the effect of the Police Complaints Commission on officers' political activities?


California, United States of America

Can a motion to dismiss a case that lacks Article III standing be dismissed for a lack of subject matter jurisdiction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the limitation period for a plaintiff to invoke?


Alberta, Canada

What is the impact of a prosecutor's concern for the delicate feelings of a victim in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the abuse of the abuse standard?


California, United States of America

What is the range of sentences available under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(1) of the Cal.S.P.O. code of conduct for a charge of assault with intent to pervert the course of justice?


California, United States of America

What is the meaning of abuse of the term "abuse of the art"?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the substantial evidence test for an aider and abettor of an attempted murder?


California, United States of America

What is the test for habeas relief in a confrontation case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law on weapon enhancements in criminal cases?


California, United States of America

What is the essence of the contempt authority to reassert the rule of law?


Ontario, Canada

Does a young person’s intoxication at the time of the robbery constitute a mitigating factor?


Manitoba, Canada

Does the doctrine of conspiracy apply when there is only one act, the termination of employment, in issue?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an anti-SLAPP motion de novo?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of forcing a defendant to call a witness a liar?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether section 654 of the California Criminal Code applies to a particular count?


California, United States of America

What is the test to preserve the issue of search incident to arrest?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for admissibility of an expert report?


Ontario, Canada

Is a mere hunch by a police officer sufficient to justify a stop?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the record support a defendant's contention that the court erred in failing to hold a second competency hearing prior to sentencing?


California, United States of America

When will a jury consider whether a defendant directly aided and abetted murder?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of proof for a delay in making a claim for disability benefits?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Does a spouse have to compensate the other spouse where they have gone into a different role during the marriage?


Ontario, Canada

Can a court order a reduction in child support if the child is working full-time and attends community college?


Ontario, Canada

Does the federal three-strikes law apply to a defendant who is convicted of a serious violent felony?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a finding of involuntary manslaughter based on voluntary intoxication?


California, United States of America

How have the challenged categories of a search warrant been interpreted in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a court order retroactive support where the husband's threats and poor treatment of the wife during the marriage contributed to the delay in commencing an application for support?


Ontario, Canada

What is the test for establishing jurisdiction in a motion to prohibit the use of the writ of prohibition?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of the exclusionary rule on the seizure of cash from a bank account?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a party contributed to the resolution of a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for overturning a conviction for errors or irregularities at a preliminary hearing or grand jury proceeding?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant's waiver of right to appeal the sentence imposed upon him?


California, United States of America

What is the mental element of a second-degree murder?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a defendant withdraw his guilty plea for good cause?


California, United States of America

What is the limitation on the time limit for accepting a complaint under the BCHRT?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for producing in camera review of a prosecution law enforcement witness file?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes a joint family venture in the context of an unjust enrichment claim?


Ontario, Canada

What is the standard of appeal review of a motion to suppress?


California, United States of America

Is there privileged material in a settlement agreement?


Alberta, Canada

In a life sentence for a recidivist convicted of the same crime under the TSRA, under what circumstances would the sentence be reduced to life imprisonment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for warrantless searches where the police have been able to corroborate the identification of a defendant's identification but do not provide any evidence of criminal activity?


"New York", United States of America

Can a plaintiff delay the running of the statute of limitations by making a demand?


California, United States of America

Can a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict be sustained?


California, United States of America

What are the implications of a defendant's failure to object to an instruction in CALCRIM No. 3471?


California, United States of America

What is the test for defaulting in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What are the conditions needed to create a valid restrictive covenant?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for determining whether a search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the current state of the law with respect to penalties for improper procedures?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for peremptorily excusing a prospective juror?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a court abuse its discretion by applying an erroneous legal standard or by making a ruling unsupported by substantial evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a real and substantial connection has been met?


Prince Edward Island, Canada

What evidence supports a conviction for forcible sodomy?


California, United States of America

What is the test for libel under the O.C.G.A.L.B.A., 51-5-1 statute?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How have courts treated the First Amendment in cases involving self-censorship?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the Attorney General have any authority to determine the appropriate payment schedule for a booking fee and probation-related costs?


California, United States of America

If a defendant harbored the intent to kill at the outset, and committed the same crime at the start of the crime, will the special circumstance apply?


California, United States of America

Is a defendant's claim that the arbitration provisions in their contract are unenforceable?


California, United States of America

Does a jury have to be instructed sua sponte on the limited admissibility of evidence of prior gang membership?


California, United States of America

Does a defendant have a valid waiver of his right to be present at the discussion of the penalty phase of the trial?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing that a municipal employee violated a plaintiff's federal rights?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the damages for mental distress and anxiety caused by the manner of dismissal?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for providing substantial assistance to a plaintiff in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does the mother have any grounds to challenge the findings of the trial judge?


Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

What is the test for proving a defect can be cured by amendment?


California, United States of America

What is the test for serving a summons and complaint against a defendant in a civil case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a change of circumstances?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a defendant's failure to file a verified denial of a release?


California, United States of America

Is a husband entitled to costs in a personal injury action against his wife?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for common issues in a class proceeding?


Ontario, Canada

Is there sufficient evidence to support a jury's implicit conclusion the victim was alive when defendant committed sodomy?


California, United States of America

What are the implications of section 667, subdivision (a)(1) of the Criminal Code when a defendant is convicted of two serious felons?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a plaintiff be successful in his claim of ineffective assistance for failing to raise an objection to misconduct?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making a claim of misconduct?


California, United States of America

What is the test for challenging jury instructions in a civil case?


California, United States of America

Is a judgment for sanctions greater than the amount of attorney time actually billed?


California, United States of America

How have minutes of settlement been set aside?


Ontario, Canada

What is the duty of a fiduciary to disclose?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes a "lying in wait" murder?


California, United States of America

What are the consequences of a federal district court abusing its discretion?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for admitting an impeached spouse's criminal record?


Ontario, Canada

What is the limitation period for a federal habeas petition?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an employer to conclude that an employee has abandoned their employment?


Nova Scotia, Canada

What is the test for exclusion of defense evidence in a criminal case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a partial or total intestacy in a will?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the test for permissive interpretation of the meaning of the word "permissive interpretation" in a medical malpractice case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a state procedural requirement governing a direct and collateral constitutional challenge to criminal charges need to be respected?


California, United States of America

Is there any evidence that defendant acted on behalf of plaintiff's trust and attorney even after the probate petition was filed?


California, United States of America

What is the test of patent unreasonableness?


Alberta, Canada

What is the test for admitting corroborating evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of care and diligence in managing the affairs of a deceased?


Alberta, Canada

Does a party apply for an interlocutory injunction without giving notice to the other party?


British Columbia, Canada

Does Defendant have the burden of demonstrating the need for the appointment of a second counsel at the penalty phase?


California, United States of America

What is the test used to determine probable cause for searches of electronic devices?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the effect of an anonymous cell phone tip on a motor vehicle?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a concurrent sentence under the concurrent sentence doctrine?


MultiRegion, United States of America

How has the Court dealt with the issue of failure to process Appeal 04034?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a defendant refuse appointed counsel and represent himself at trial?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What constitutes a "consensual encounter" between a police officer and an individual?


California, United States of America

What is the test for denying an alien's right to appeal against a deportation order?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an action in tort for misrepresentation made in a negligent manner?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the onus of a plaintiff to prove to the court that their injury was not discoverable within the applicable limitation period?


Ontario, Canada

What is the purpose of the two subsections of the Corporations Act?


Canada (Federal), Canada

Does Section 1473.6 of the Criminal Code of Ontario have any legal basis to appeal against the conviction of a convicted criminal?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making an exclusionary clause in an insurance policy conspicuous, plain and clear?


California, United States of America

What is the extent of damage in a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a state action action against a municipality that owns and operates a local airport?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Can a defendant seek release by way of habeas corpus because of errors committed during the trial?


"New York", United States of America

What is the burden of proving insufficient evidence?


California, United States of America

What is the test for pro se litigant leave to amend their complaint?


MultiRegion, United States of America

On appeal from an order sustaining a demurrer, what is the test for a cause of action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a claim for punitive damages?


British Columbia, Canada

Does a person nominated in a will as an executor have an adverse interest in the estate?


California, United States of America

What is the test for excluding evidence in a sexual assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining residency in Canada?


Canada (Federal), Canada

What is the effect of a rule which excludes from consideration the motive of tax avoidance?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for dismissal for failure to state a claim?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a jury in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the current state of the law in Canada with respect to human rights cases?


British Columbia, Canada

When a prosecutor misstated the law of second degree murder, what is the effect of the error on the jury?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a material change in an order?


Ontario, Canada

What is the current state of the law on near murder manslaughter?


British Columbia, Canada

How does the fair use defense work?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is a qualified expert who can testify as an expert in a medical malpractice case?


California, United States of America

What is the test for obtaining consent to search a defendant's bags?


California, United States of America

What is the scope of discovery in a personal injury case?


California, United States of America

What are the principles used to interpret a right of way?


New Brunswick, Canada

What is the effect of a boycott by a trade association on competition if both the boycotters and their victims are members of the same trade association?


MultiRegion, United States of America

On what grounds can a person be held liable on a motion for contempt of court for failing to attend a hearing?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the statutory limitation on the length of time required to complete an arbitration proceeding?


California, United States of America

What is the accusatory pleading test for second degree murder?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of ineffectual counsel on a motion for writ of habeas corpus?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test for standing in a building scheme?


British Columbia, Canada

What are the elements of a claim for false imprisonment within solitary confinement?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a summary judgment motion not required to go to trial?


Ontario, Canada

What is the proper remuneration of a plaintiff in a personal injury action?


British Columbia, Canada

Does the Superior Court of Justice have jurisdiction to adjudicate claims of wrongful dismissal and breach of an employment contract?


British Columbia, Canada

Is there any case law where a husband's access to a pension is dependent on the date of his retirement date?


British Columbia, Canada

Does exhaustion of administrative remedies need to be met by a district court?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the relevant evidence to support a claim that a transferor's intention was not to transfer at the time of the transfer?


British Columbia, Canada

Is a plaintiff unable to discover a cause of action?


California, United States of America

What is the test for emotional distress in a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

What is the test for making a criminal threat?


California, United States of America

Can a jury admonish defense counsel for misconduct by misstating the law, referencing a coplaintiff's husband's income, and using the so-called Golden Rule argument?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of briefing in a personal injury action?


California, United States of America

What is the legal test for damages awarded by a court to a property owner whose property was damaged in a motor vehicle accident?


California, United States of America

In denying a motion to dismiss a felony complaint, in what circumstances will a judge find there was no fraud on the defense lawyer's part when he answered the prosecutor's questions about the new term in the underlying case?


California, United States of America

What is the effect of a caveat on an interest in land that is not a charge?


Alberta, Canada

What is the evidence against defendant in a civil assault case?


California, United States of America

What is the history of the California Bill of Rights?


California, United States of America

Is a motion to suppress an affidavit that supports a claim that the arrest was lawful?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for an inmate to bring a claim for medical malpractice against a prison official for failing to properly assess the risk to his health and safety?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is insufficient evidence sufficient to overturn a jury's verdict?


California, United States of America

Is a course of criminal conduct divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654?


California, United States of America

In what circumstances will a judge adjust an award for damages in a personal injury case?


Ontario, Canada

Is there any case law where a defendant's trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object in a timely manner to asserted prosecutorial misconduct?


California, United States of America

What constitutes a "special circumstance" in the context of premeditated murder?


California, United States of America

Does a search warrant need to be issued for a warrantless search?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the defence argument on the sufficiency of evidence in the case of possession of small amounts of heroin?


California, United States of America

What is the test for an aider and abettor to be convicted of a criminal offence?


California, United States of America

Does the California Superior Court have subject matter jurisdiction over an action against the California Computer Regulator?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for a motion for judgment of acquittal pursuant to section 1118.1?


California, United States of America

What is the test for determining whether a plaintiff has a claim under the California Probate Code?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for a valid consent to search?


California, United States of America

How have the courts interpreted the term “transportus” or “termination” in a government bonded warehouse?


Ontario, Canada

Does a defendant have jurisdiction to bring an action before the courts of this state?


"New York", United States of America

What is the test for perjurious testimony in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Does a plaintiff have been debarred from succeeding in an action for breach of statutory duty on the ground of contributory negligence?


Saskatchewan, Canada

On appeal from the bankruptcy court de novo, what is the standard of review?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances will a defendant be prejudiced by his counsel's error in moving to dismiss a misdemeanor instead of transferring it?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing there is an actual market for sale?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a federal civil servant to be found guilty of gross misconduct in a civil case?


MultiRegion, United States of America

In what circumstances have courts interpreted "clear indication" or "probable cause" standards for body cavity searches at border searches?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for skipping the mediation stage and proceeding directly to arbitration?


Ontario, Canada

Can ineffective assistance counsel be reviewed in a habeas corpus proceeding?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a property interest in a claim for disability benefits?


California, United States of America

When will a plaintiff's attorney be required to disclose his total liability in a settlement?


California, United States of America

What is the result of a negotiated plea of no contest to leaving the scene of a car accident (vehicle accident) and a strike prior?


California, United States of America

Does a plea of guilty necessarily include a waiver of the right to a trial by jury?


California, United States of America

What is the test for a review of a child protection order?


California, United States of America

What is the test for establishing a sovereign Indian tribe?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What is the standard for appellate review of a motion to suppress pursuant to section 1538.5?


California, United States of America

Is a self-represented litigant entitled to attorney's fees?


California, United States of America

What is the standard of review for a motion where a party alleges insufficient evidence supports a jury verdict?


California, United States of America

What is the case law on second degree murder?


California, United States of America

Is s. 14.1 of the Rules and Regulations of the Royal Canadian Dental Commission illegal, unlawful and unlawful?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the current state of the law on shared custody?


Ontario, Canada

What is the initial burden to show a defendant that a plaintiff's action has no merit?


California, United States of America

What is the burden of establishing removal jurisdiction on the proponent of federal jurisdiction?


MultiRegion, United States of America

What are the findings of a federal appeals court review on the basis of incompetent counsel?


MultiRegion, United States of America

Is a cause of action stated under any legal theory when the allegations are liberally construed?


California, United States of America

Can an attorney be held liable for malicious prosecution for continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause?


California, United States of America

Can a Respondent appeal from the denial of a habeas petition?


California, United States of America

In the context of water conservation legislation, is there any case law that supports the argument that the land beneath water is not the province's own property?


British Columbia, Canada

What is the standard of instruction for a defendant in a civil case?


California, United States of America