In what circumstances will an off duty police officer shoot and kill a suspect?

In Mitchell v. City of Pittsburg, No. C 90-00794 SI, 2011 WL 249458 (N.D. Cal. 2011), while officers were executing a search warrant, a suspect grabbed the wrist of the hand in which an officer was carrying his gun. The officer responded by shooting the suspect. Id. at The court found that the officer reasonably believed that he risked losing control of his gun and the use of deadly force was objectively reasonable. Id.

In Billington v. Smith, 292 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir. 2002), an off duty police officer observed the suspect driving recklessly and pursued the vehicle. 292 F.3d at 1180. The suspect crashed the vehicle and the officer approached to see if the suspect was injured and to arrest him for reckless driving. Id. The officer had his gun drawn and as he approached the vehicle the driver

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