California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Vulangi, A145534 (Cal. App. 2018):
in defendant's trial. (See People v. Seijas (2005) 36 Cal.4th 291, 304 ["When . . . the relevant facts are undisputed, an appellate court should review independently the trial court's ruling permitting the witness to assert the privilege"].)
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