The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Chow, 145 F.3d 1341 (9th Cir. 1998):
4 In Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 66 S.Ct. 1180, 90 L.Ed. 1489 (1946), the court held that for a defendant to be held vicariously liable for the acts of coconspirators, the government must show
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