California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Tulco, Inc. v. Narmco Materials, Inc., 203 Cal.App.3d 914, 236 Cal.Rptr. 224 (Cal. App. 1987):
3 As an aside, we note the "passive/active" and "primary/secondary" terminologies are unnecessary baggage on the total indemnity cart. Worse, they are ambiguous and likely to lead to erroneous results. In our view, it makes more sense to determine whether a party's liability is derivative or vicarious, i.e., is it factually innocent of any wrongdoing but nevertheless liable based on a statute, public policy, or a particular legal relationship? A passive tortfeasor is nonetheless a tortfeasor and probably ought to be subject to section 877.6. Several of the majority rule cases are distinguishable on that basis, a point we should have made in Angelus. (See, e.g., City of Sacramento v. Gemsch Investment Co., supra, 115 Cal.App.3d 869, 171 Cal.Rptr. 764.)
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