Does the exclusionary rule apply where the agents executed the warrant without a proper warrant?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from United States v. Ramirez, 976 F.3d 946 (9th Cir. 2020):

2 Even if I agreed with the majority that the manner in which the agents executed the warrant was unreasonable, it is not clear that the exclusionary rule may properly be invoked where, as here, the alleged violation of the Fourth Amendment relates only to the manner in which the very thing specified in the search warrant has been searched or seized. Cf ., e.g. , Hudson v. Michigan , 547 U.S. 586, 599, 126 S.Ct. 2159, 165 L.Ed.2d 56 (2006) (declining to apply the exclusionary rule to violations of the Fourth Amendment's knock-and-announce requirement). But since the parties have not raised this point, I do not address it.

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