The following excerpt is from Mackinnon v. Hof's Hut Rests., Inc., No. 2:17-cv-01456-JAM-DB (E.D. Cal. 2017):
marks omitted). As for the first element, a text message qualifies as a "call" within the TCPA. Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir. 2009).
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