The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Alcazar, 936 F.2d 580 (9th Cir. 1991):
1 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970) ("[W]hile most pleas of guilty consist of both a waiver of trial and an express admission of guilt, the latter element is not a constitutional requisite to the imposition of criminal penalty.").
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