The following excerpt is from Quair v. Vento, Case No.: 1:14-cv-01616-BAM (PC) (E.D. Cal. 2015):
affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made." Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
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