Does a manufacturer's refusal to deal with a distributor or dealer violate the antitrust laws?

A manufacturer's refusal to deal with a distributor or a dealer does not violate the antitrust laws merely because it adversely affects the entity refused. In fact, such effects are immaterial when the refusal is "for business reasons which are sufficient to the manufacturer . . . in the absence of any arrangement restraining trade." Bushie v. Stenocord Corp., 460 F.2d 116, 119 (9th Cir. 1972) (quoting Ricchetti, 431 F.2d at 1214). ²⁶