California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Johnson, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 593, 6 Cal.4th 1, 859 P.2d 673 (Cal. 1993):
The defendant has a constitutional (Cal.Const., art. I, 15) and statutory ( 977, subd. (b), 1043, subd. (a)) right to be personally present at his trial. (See also United States v. Gagnon (1985) 470 U.S. 522, 526, 105 S.Ct. 1482, 1484, 84 L.Ed.2d 486, and cases cited [defendant has federal due process right to attend court proceedings if his presence has a reasonably substantial relation to his ability to defend himself].)
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