The following excerpt is from Krechman v. Cnty. of Riverside, 723 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2013):
A judge's participation justifies a new trial ... if the record shows actual bias or leaves an abiding impression that the jury perceived an appearance of advocacy or partiality. United States v. Laurins, 857 F.2d 529, 537 (9th Cir.1988). Here, the district judge conducted the trial in a way that could evidence that he was biased in favor of the defendant police officers, and could have given the jury the impression that he lacked impartiality.
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