The following excerpt is from Smith v. Aubuchon, No. 2:14-CV-0775-KJM-CMK-P (E.D. Cal. 2015):
defendant's conduct conformed to official policy, custom, or practice. See Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep't, 839 F.2d 621, 624 (9th Cir. 1988).
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