Can a defendant be held liable as a direct perpetrator or an aider and abettor for murder?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Nguyen, G055296 (Cal. App. 2020):
A defendant may be convicted of murder (or attempted murder) as a direct perpetrator or an aider and abettor. An aider and abettor can be held liable for crimes that were intentionally aided and abetted (target offenses); an aider and abettor could also be held liable for any crimes that were unintentional, but were reasonably foreseeable (nontarget offenses). (People v. Laster, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1463-1464.)
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Liability for intentional, target offenses is known as "direct" aider and abettor liability; liability for unintentional, nontarget offenses is known as the ""'natural and probable consequences" doctrine.'" (People v. Montes (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1055.)
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