California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Yang, F071067 (Cal. App. 2018):
members."].) The third element, which requires willful promotion, furtherance, or assistance in the commission of a felony by gang members, can be established by showing either the defendant's direct perpetration of the felony or actions that constitute aiding and abetting. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 1132, 1135-1136; People v. Ngoun (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 432, 435-437.)
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