The following excerpt is from Stroud v. Pruitt, Case No. 1:17-cv-01659-BAM (PC) (E.D. Cal. 2019):
Supervisors may be held liable only if they "participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them." Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th
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