What is the test for a civil fraud?
Ontario, Canada
The following excerpt is from Russell v. Thompson, 2021 ONCJ 16 (CanLII):
18. In Anker v. Sattaur, [2007] O.J. 5257, the court writes at paragraph 115, “A civil fraud is proven when it is shown that a false representation has been made: (a) knowingly, or (b) without belief in its truth; or (c) recklessly, careless as to whether it is true or false.”
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